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Compared to BMI scores, body-fat percentages were a stronger predictor of the 15-year mortality risk of young adults, a new study found. Thana Prasongsin/Getty Images A new study reports that measurements that detect body fat are a more accurate predictor of mortality risk than body mass index (BMI). Experts say BMI doesn’t differentiate between weight attributed to body fat and weight attributed to muscle. They do note that BMI is easier to calculate and less expensive than many body fat measurements. Body mass index (BMI) only tells part of the story when it comes to determining your overall health and death risk. Measurements that calculate body fat percentage are significantly more accurate for determining health profiles, according to a new study published Annals of Family Medicine. Compared to BMI scores, researchers said body-fat percentages were a stronger predictor of the 15-year mortality risk of young adults ages 20 to 49. They reported that people with high body fat are 78% more likely to die from any cause compared to people without high body fat. In addition, those with elevated body fat percentages have a 262% higher chance of dying from heart disease. The researchers said BMI measurements did not detect these risks, but other measurements did. These included bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), which uses electrical current to measure body fat, muscle mass, and water weight. “Body fat percentage is a better predictor of 15-year mortality risk factor in young adults than BMI. A move to using [body fat percentages] rather than BMI may change how we measure body composition for risk stratification,” the researchers wrote. For their study, the researchers analyzed data on 4,252 males and females who participated in the 1994 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). They then compared those records with data from the National Death Index through 2019. Experts not involved in the study say the results are not surprising. “Previous studies have shown similar results — measuring body fat, especially fat deep in the belly which is close to organs, more metabolically active and plays a greater metabolic risk, may be a better assessment than simply a number on the scale which cannot assess variations between muscle, fat, water, etc.,” said Kristin Kirkpatrick, RD,  the president of KAK Consulting and a dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic Dept of Department of Wellness & Preventive Medicine. BMI is more accessible but not as accurate The concept of body mass index (BMI) was developed in 1832 by Belgian mathematician Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet. It’s calculated by basically dividing a person’s weight by their height squared. There are free calculators online to help do the math. Using that scale, medical professionals classify body composition of adults in the following way. less than 18.5 — underweight 18.5 to 24.9 — healthy weight 25 to 29.9 — overweight 30 or greater — obesity Obesity is classified by three subtypes using BMI: class 1 obesity — 30 to 34.9 class 2 obesity — 35 to 39.9 class 3 obesity — 40 or higher Ali said the advantages of measuring BMI are that it’s a well-known gauge that is easy to calculate, relatively inexpensive, and generally accepted by insurance. Some past studies have shown that BMI can be a predictor of chronic diseases such as: type 2 diabetes cancer kidney disease Mir Ali, MD, a general surgeon, bariatric surgeon, and the medical director of MemorialCare Surgical Weight Loss Center at Orange Coast Medical Center in California, said BMI doesn’t distinguish between weight obtained by muscle and weight due to body fat. “It doesn’t take into account the differences between fat and muscle in the body,” Ali told Healthline. “BMI is not necessarily the best measurement for body composition — it’s more of a guidance.” Becca Krukowski, PhD, a professor of public health services at the University of Virginia and a fellow at the Obesity Society, said BMI measurements have several shortcomings. “BMI is widely used in clinical settings because it is easy to compute,” she told Healthline. “However, BMI is a rough measure of body composition, and individuals can be misclassified with overweight or obesity if they are extremely muscular. In addition, someone with a BMI in the ‘normal’ category could still have a high body fat percentage, which still increases their risk of many chronic diseases,” Krukowski continued. Kirkpatrick expressed similar concerns. “BMI may offer a general assessment — and the location of fat in the body matters related to risk, [but] the major disadvantage [of BMI] is not being able to assess health risk simply based on the number,” she told Healthline. Measuring body fat percentage In their study, researchers said bioelectrical impedance analysis bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a more accurate way of predicting future health issues. This system works by sending small electric currents throughout the body. Electrodes on the skin measures these currents after they pass through body tissues. These currents move easier through muscle than fat. Other methods of measuring body fat include dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and body circumference measurements. Kirkpatrick said these types of body fat measurements provide a better overall picture. “[Body fat] assessment (and looking at where fat is stored) can help assess risk,” she explained.   “For example, fat stored in the belly is much more dangerous in terms of metabolic risk than fat that is stored in the thighs and buttocks. Genetics play a role as well, with some individuals having more risk based on other factors.” Ali agreed. “Body fat may be a better measurement of overall health,” he said, noting the disadvantages of these types of measurements are that they can be more expensive and they aren’t as easy to calculate as BMI. Krukowski noted similar limitations. “Each of these methods have their pros and cons,” she said. “Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans are very accurate, but quite expensive and not available in many clinical settings. Although waist circumference measurement can be quite helpful in predicting disease risk, it is very complicated to do correctly. Finally, as the authors note in the article, bioelectrical impedance analysis machines have not always been able to provide accurate measurement of body fat percentage,” Krukowski continued. “However, this article indicates that perhaps this bioelectrical impedance analysis technology has improved enough to seriously consider this technology in estimating body fat percentage,” she added. Ali noted there are simple ways for people to assess their overall health, too. For example, if you have trouble walking up stairs or standing up after kneeling, your overall health may not be where it should be. Obesity and health risks The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 40% of U.S. adults have obesity. The condition has a higher prevalence in people in certain groups, including non-Hispanic Black adults and people with less education. There are many health risks associated with obesity. Among them: heart disease stroke high blood pressure liver disease certain cancers pregnancy complications Experts say you can lower your risk of obesity by following a healthy lifestyle of exercise and diet. For exercise, it’s recommended to aim for at least 150 minutes a week of moderate aerobic activity. For diet, experts advise: filling half your plate with vegetables eating more whole grains choosing lean sources of protein (i.e., chicken and seafood) avoiding fried foods avoiding sugary foods avoiding or abstaining from alcohol “Body weight is just one component of fitness and health,” said Kirkpatrick. “Dietary patterns, sleep, exercise habits, genetics, and environment all may play a role in an individual’s health status.”

Heart disease overall has decreased by 66% since 1970, but it remains the leading cause of death among Americans. Tashdique Mehtaj Ahmed/Getty Images Heart attacks have become more survivable in the past 50 years, and are no longer the leading cause of heart disease-related deaths, a new study reports. As heart attack deaths fall, fatalities from other heart conditions are rising due to various factors, including higher rates of other forms of cardiovascular disease. In recent decades, deaths from heart disease have still been responsible for more U.S. fatalities than any other cause. Heart attacks are no longer the number one cause of heart-related deaths in the United States, according to a new report. Fatalities from heart attacks — acute myocardial infarctions — decreased by 89% from 1970 to 2022, the report, published on June 25 in the Journal of the American Heart Association, shows. Heart attacks are severe ischemic heart disease events in which blood flow to and from the heart is restricted. Ischemic heart disease was responsible for 91% of all heart disease-related deaths in 1970, declining to 53% by 2022. Heart disease overall has decreased by 66% since 1970, yet it remains the leading cause of death among Americans. With more people avoiding death from myocardial infarctions (MI), fatalities from other heart disease subtypes now represent 81% of heart-related deaths. These include: heart failure, for which fatalities have increased by 81% hypertension-related heart disease deaths, which have risen by 106% arrhythmia-related fatalities, which have increased by 450% Heart attack deaths drop in recent decades Jayne Morgan, MD, cardiologist and vice president of medical affairs for Hello Heart, told Healthline that the report does not indicate that fewer heart attacks are occurring. Morgan wasn’t involved in the new report. “I did not note a decline in myocardial infarctions themselves, but rather a decline in heart attacks being the primary cause of death,” she said. “As Americans, we are not that great at prevention. Our strength has been in the science and application of medicine.” “The inference is that more and more heart attacks are survivable now as compared to 55 years ago,” Morgan said. This is because emergency physicians have become better at saving people experiencing heart attacks with the help of contemporary medications, lifesaving procedures, and devices. Deaths from non-fatal heart attacks Morgan explained that the non-fatal heart attack “was the catalyst for the chain of events leading to eventual long-term chronic heart disease conditions such as heart failure and arrhythmias.” “Patients who otherwise would have passed from their heart attack are now surviving, and then living longer dealing with the consequences,” Cheng-Han Chen, MD, board certified interventional cardiologist, told Healthline. Chen wasn’t involved in the new report. Chen described heart-muscle damage that non-fatal heart attacks often leave in their wake. The extent of that damage depends on the severity and duration of the attack. Weakness in the heart muscle can result in heart failure. It’s important to understand that heart failure does not mean that a heart has completely failed. Rather, it means that it is no longer functioning as well as it once did. “Heart failure is a spectrum in which the heart just doesn’t work perfectly,” said Chen. “It could be very mild, or it could be very severe and everything in-between.” “You can actually live with mild heart failure for the remainder of your life,” said Chen, “and it doesn’t really affect you that much, and you can control it with medication.” Another obvious result of non-fatal heart attacks is that people who survive them tend to live longer. Heart failure, hypertension-related heart disease, and arrhythmia are all associated with aging. Living longer only increases the odds of eventually developing these conditions. Lifestyle factors impact heart health The typical American lifestyle puts many people at a high risk for heart failure, hypertension, and arrhythmia, Morgan noted. It is characterized, she said, by “obesity, hypertension, sedentary lifestyles, processed and palatable fast food, decreased physical movement, smoking, cholesterol, diabetes, as well as societal stressors leading to chronic inflammation.” She noted that socioeconomic issues complicate lifestyle risk factors and make addressing them especially difficult for many. “This includes pregnancy complications such as hypertension of pregnancy, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, etc.,” Morgan added. “These all increase a woman’s lifetime risk of heart disease, and are still the primary drivers of maternal mortality outcomes.” The general decline in heart fatalities, however, indicates that some progress is being made against some of these risk factors. Sharp increase in arrhythmia-related deaths The report found the most dramatic increase in arrhythmia-related deaths. Arrhythmias are disorders in which the rate at which the heart beats is abnormal. There are four main types of arrhythmia: bradycardia — slow heart rate tachycardia — fast heart rate ventricular arrhythmia — begins in the ventricles supraventricular arrhythmia — begins above the ventricles (i.e., atrial fibrillation or irregular heartbeat) Arrhythmias are common and are often harmless. However, should an arrhythmia interfere with the heart’s ability to maintain blood flow, damage may occur to the heart, brain, lungs, and other vital organs. As the report describes, arrhythmias can be fatal. It is important to get annual checkups that include a heart-health examination. In addition, if you can feel your heart is beating without having your hand on your chest, it is a good idea to consult your doctor to be checked for arrhythmia. This is especially essential for heart-attack survivors. “Reducing the risk of arrhythmias after a myocardial infarction is crucial, as these irregular heart rhythms — especially ventricular arrhythmias — can be life threatening,” Morgan said. She cited several interventions that can help the survivor of a non-fatal heart attack avoid death from arrhythmia, including a four-drug combo known as the “foundational four” for managing HFrEF (Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction). Morgan said statins, cardiac rehab, implantable defibrillators, sleep apnea management, and lifestyle changes may also be valuable in such cases. AHA’s tips for staying heart-healthy The American Heart Association (AHA) provides an eight-step framework for maintaining heart health: eat healthy be more active quit tobacco get healthy sleep manage your weight control your cholesterol regulate your blood sugar manage your blood pressure For more information, visit the AHA’s Essential Eight website. The site also offers an Essential Eight framework for children’s heart health.

Thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, has been in vaccines and other drugs since the 1930s. VioletaStoimenova/Getty Images A CDC advisory panel voted 5–1 to recommend only flu vaccines without the preservative thimerosal. Thimerosal is a mercury-containing compound used as a preservative in vaccines and other drugs. Doctors and physician advocacy groups warn that the decision could lead to more confusion and vaccine hesitancy. A CDC advisory committee voted 5-1 on Thursday to recommend only single-dose formulations of flu shots that do not contain the preservative thimerosal. The vote follows a shakeup of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), in which Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. dismissed all 17 members of the panel and hand-picked their replacements. The ouster and subsequent ACIP vote have caused alarm among doctors and physician advocacy organizations—including the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) — who claim the committee is stoking confusion and distrust in vaccines. “It further undermines vaccine confidence. And they’re doing this despite a massive amount of data that confirms that thimerosal is a safe and effective preservative,” said Jake Scott, MD, clinical associate professor of infectious diseases at Stanford Medicine. Thimerosal, a mercury-containing preservative, has been used since the 1930s in vaccines and other drugs. Since the 1990s, it has been the target of intense speculation and debate due to claims — now debunked — that linked it to autism and neurotoxicity. ACIP’s new recommendations contradict numerous studies and decades’ worth of data showing no link between thimerosal and autism or other neurological conditions. “This decision does not appear to be data-driven at all,” said Saahir Khan, MD, PhD, an infectious disease specialist with Keck Medicine of USC. “This will sow a lot of distrust and probably lead to reduced vaccine uptake rates because they are sending a message that indirectly says that we don’t think vaccines with thimerosal are safe, whereas the evidence shows that they are safe,” Khan said. What is thimerosal? Thimerosal, which contains about 50% mercury by weight, is one of the most widely used preservatives in vaccines. Every time a drug vial is pierced, it is susceptible to bacterial and fungal contamination. Thimerosal prevents microbial growth and contamination. Today, the use of thimerosal-containing vaccines has declined due to the advent of single-dose vaccine formulations. All routinely recommended vaccines for U.S. children ages 6 and younger are available in formulations without thimerosal. The vast majority of flu shots administered last flu season, about 96%, were also free of thimerosal. ACIP’s recommendation this week against thimerosal-containing flu shots applies only to vaccines packaged in multi-dose vials. While multi-dose vials make up only a small subset of flu shots, the format is important for public health. “Multi-dose vials are cheaper, easier to deploy, and essential for equitable access. They’re especially important during pandemics. They  proved to be essential during the H1N1 pandemic when single-dose supplies run out a lot faster,” said Scott. Following a review in 1999, conducted as part of the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA), the FDA, National Institutes of Health (NIH), CDC, and others recommended that thimerosal be removed from childhood vaccines as a precautionary measure. That recommendation was based on “scientific uncertainty” at the time and sought to reduce total mercury exposure in infants. That review found “no evidence of harm” caused by thimerosal in vaccines beyond localized reactions. However, it noted that some infants’ cumulative mercury exposure in their first six months exceeded EPA recommendations, and that removing thimerosal could reduce this overall exposure. At vaccine concentrations, thimerosal delivers roughly 25 micrograms of mercury per 0.5 mL dose — about the same amount found in a three-ounce can of tuna. However, there’s also an important distinction between the mercury found in thimerosal and tuna. Certain kinds of fish contain methylmercury, which can be toxic. Thimerosal contains ethylmercury, which, in contrast, is eliminated far more rapidly from the body and thus is far less likely to persist and cause harm. Revisiting the thimerosal controversy In the lead-up to this week’s vote, Lyn Redwood, a retired nurse practitioner and president emeritus of Children’s Health Defense — a group formerly chaired by Robert F. Kennedy Jr., whose mission is “ending childhood health epidemics by eliminating toxic exposures” — reiterated many claims against thimerosal in an ACIP presentation. However, those claims — especially the alleged link between thimerosal and neurotoxicity — have been extensively debunked. “There have been multiple well-controlled studies, randomized meta-analyses, and trials comparing vaccines with thimerosal to vaccines without thimerosal to see if there was any difference in neurological outcomes, and these trials generally did not find any connection between thimerosal at the doses used in vaccines and neurological conditions,” said Khan. An often-cited Danish study that included over half a million children found no causal relationship between thimerosal and the development of autism. Another large study of more than 100,000 children in the United Kingdom also found no evidence to support a link between thimerosal and neurodevelopmental disorders. A 2010 study found that exposure to thimerosal in prenatal or infant stages did not increase the risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Perhaps most telling, Scott points out, is that even after thimerosal has been removed from vaccines, autism rates continued to rise. Such was the case for Denmark, which removed thimerosal in 1991, and the United States in 2003. Doctors warn that ACIP’s recommendation fails to consider these studies and the large body of evidence supporting vaccine safety. And that will inevitably have consequences for the health of Americans. “Our studies show that vaccines are safe and effective. I recommend them based on my medical experience, but some people are going to refuse. And unfortunately, they’re going to put themselves at higher risk of infection and they’re going to put the people around them at higher risk of infection,” said Khan.

Drinking coffee black without cream or sugar could help reduce your risk of death from cardiovascular disease. Getty Images/Kseniya Ovchinnikova Researchers say daily coffee consumption can lower a person’s overall mortality risk as well as their risk of death from cardiovascular disease. However, the benefits decline for those who add significant amounts of sugar and saturated fats, such as cream, to their coffee. If you don’t enjoy the taste of coffee, experts say there are healthy alternatives that offer similar health benefits. Coffee might be good for your heart as well as your overall health, but you might want to order it black. That’s the conclusion of a new observational study conducted by researchers from Tufts University and recently published in The Journal of Nutrition. In their findings, the researchers reported that people who drink one to three cups of caffeinated black coffee per day with little or no sugar or saturated fats added had a 14% lower overall mortality risk and a lower risk of death from cardiovascular disease compared to people who drink no coffee. They noted that drinking more than three cups a day was not associated with an additional risk reduction. The risk reduction was also not evident for people who add significant amounts of sugar or fats, such as cream, to their coffee. In addition, the researchers said they did not notice a lower cancer mortality risk among regular coffee drinkers. Zhaoping Li, MD, a professor of clinical medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, said this study adds to prior research on coffee’s health benefits. Li wasn’t involved in the study. “What the study found is consistent with what we know,” she told Healthline. Maya Vadiveloo, PhD, RD, an associate professor in the Department of Nutrition at the University of Rhode Island and chair of the American Heart Association (AHA) Nutrition Committee, agreed. “It’s an interesting analysis in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults that is largely consistent with existing studies finding the benefits of moderate coffee intake,” Vadiveloo, who wasn’t involved in the study, told Healthline. Kristin Kirkpatrick, RD, the president of KAK Consulting and a dietitian at the Cleveland Clinic Department of Wellness & Preventive Medicine in Ohio, echoed these remarks. Kirkpatrick likewise wasn’t involved in the study. “The study is in line with previous studies showing mortality benefits to coffee consumption,” she told Healthline. “I also think that highlighting the fact that what we put in our coffee is often the culprit for a less healthy drink is a critical point for consumers.” Black coffee may help you live longer In the new study, the researchers reached their conclusions by analyzing data from nine consecutive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 1998 and 2018. Those cycles included a representative sample of 46,000 adults ages 20 and older who completed valid first-day 24-hour dietary recalls. They then linked that information with National Death Index mortality data on outcomes involving all causes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Li noted that the study used an older database that utilized information that was self-reported by participants. David Cutler, MD, a family medicine physician at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, California, emphasizes that the study only reports an association between lower mortality risks and coffee consumption. Cutler wasn’t involved in the study. He said there are factors that could influence those results. One such factor could be the fact that people who drink coffee are generally healthier than those who don’t. “You shouldn’t think that if you drink black coffee that it’s going to extend your life,” Cutler told Healthline. “That’s not what the study says.” How adding sugar, cream to coffee impacts health A data trends report conducted earlier this year on behalf of the National Coffee Association reports that about two-thirds of people in the United States drink coffee each day. That trend has held steady over the past five years. However, the percentage of people who drink specialty coffees has increased by 18% during that same time period. Experts say what type of coffee people drink is important when it comes to health benefits. Li said that how a person “dresses up” their coffee can make a big difference. Sugar and cream can add as many as 800 extra calories, and a pastry eaten with the beverage bumps that up even more. “There’s an overall calorie load as well as a sugar load and a fat load,” she said. “I do think it’s important to emphasize that it matters how coffee is prepared,” added Vadiveloo. “A lot of coffee beverages, especially prepared beverages, are very high in added sugars and saturated fats, and those are not cardioprotective.” Kanwar Kelley, MD, a specialist in otolaryngology head and neck surgery, obesity medicine, and lifestyle medicine, and the co-founder and chief executive officer of Side Health, says there can be other downsides. “Coffee is a stimulant and changes to the amount drunk daily could lead to some withdrawal symptoms like headache, tiredness, and fatigue,” Kelley, who wasn’t involved in the study, told Healthline. “Large amounts of caffeine can lead to jitteriness, palpitations, and anxiety.” Coffee has numerous health benefits Over the years, studies have reported that coffee can produce a number of health benefits. Among the advantages are a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), better brain health, protection against liver conditions, and a decreased risk of heart disease. Coffee also reportedly can help with athletic performance and weight management. Scientists aren’t exactly sure why coffee seems to produce a number of health benefits, but there are some theories. “Coffee has a number of beneficial compounds (caffeine, polyphenols), which reduce oxidation in the body, reduce inflammation, and can improve insulin sensitivity,” explained Vadiveloo. “Coffee offers additional benefits beyond energy and focus,” added Kelley. “Coffee contains chemicals that can act as probiotics for gut health and improve gut motility.” Li noted that some people may metabolize coffee quickly, while others metabolize it more slowly, which may cause problems for some people, including those with heart conditions. “Some people may need to slow down and dial back [their intake],” Li said. Your DNA may play a role, too. “Genetics may offer some insight into how much, or how little, coffee may be tolerable in an individual,” Kirkpatrick explained. “Variations in a gene called CYP1A2 show that some genotypes are slow metabolizers of caffeine, meaning they should limit total caffeine intake to reduce cardiac risk.” “Other genes, such as the ADORA2A gene, show variations in anxiety with caffeine consumption,” she added. Li added that coffee is not a healthy choice to combine with alcohol because you are ingesting both a stimulant and a sedative. For those who want or need to cut back on their coffee consumption, Li suggested green tea, which has about one-third of the caffeine of coffee but provides similar health benefits. She also recommended drinking filtered water, especially if you add fruits such as mangos or strawberries. Shaking up that combination in a water bottle is an option. “It’s tasty and it’s healthy,” Li said. Cutler agreed with the water alternative. He said if you’re drinking coffee for the caffeine or the taste, it’s fine to have two or three cups a day. However, if you’re just seeking health benefits, then water is a better option.

A growing number of males on Reddit are claiming that GLP-1 drugs have increased their penis size. Kupicoo/Getty Images Male Reddit users are reporting what they call “Ozempic penis,” with some claiming penile growth of up to 1.5 inches. Experts say, however, that Ozempic penis is not a true side effect of GLP-1 drugs. Instead, fat loss above the penis allows more of the organ to be visible, and improved blood flow due to improved metabolic health could also play a role. If you’ve spent any time in online forums like Reddit’s r/Ozempic, you may have come across an eyebrow-raising phenomenon dubbed “Ozempic penis.” Some males taking semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) and other GLP-1 medications — such as tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound), and liraglutide (Saxenda, Victoza) — are reporting a surprising side effect: their penis appears larger. “I recently measured myself down there and noticed I gained about 1 inch,” said Redditor coffeebeardtv. While it might sound like internet folklore, a growing number of users are sharing similar experiences. In a viral thread, other men chimed in to confirm that it had also happened to them. “Yeah, wife has definitely noticed a difference, was 278 down to under 200,” said Beathil. “Yep I noticed that happen to me as well,” added OwnCarpet717. WeatherInfinite30 also agreed, saying, “Yes. I gained 1.5 inches in length. No joke.” But is this effect real, or just Reddit-fueled exaggeration? The original poster acknowledged that some might think it was because of fat loss. “[However], at the time I measured myself before 4 years ago [I] was thinner,” he stated. Even so, other Redditors weren’t sure that the growth was real. “It just looks bigger (which doesn’t suck) and probably works better,” said No-Western924. So, what’s the real story according to medical experts? Here’s what we know—and what you should take with a grain of salt. Is ‘Ozempic penis’ a real side effect of GLP-1 drugs? Pamela Tambini, MD, a double board certified physician in Internal Medicine and Addiction Medicine, who leads the clinical team as Medical Director at Engage Wellness, said that “Ozempic penis” is not a medical term or diagnosis, but rather a nickname being used by people to describe a personal observation. “Currently, there is no scientific evidence that GLP-1 medications such as Ozempic cause an actual increase in penis size,” she told Healthline. Tambini additionally explained that GLP-1 medications primarily work by helping to regulate blood sugar. They also promote weight loss through appetite suppression and changes in gut hormone activity. “There is no known biological mechanism that links GLP-1 receptor agonists to the growth of genital tissue,” she said. Is ‘hidden penis’ the culprit? Tambini said that some of the men were on the right track in thinking that fat loss could create the illusion of a longer penis. “[W]hen men lose significant weight, particularly in the lower abdomen or pubic area, it can uncover more of the base of the penis that was previously buried in fat,” she explained. “So, while the actual length does not increase, more of it becomes visible, which can create the impression of growth.” Stanton Honig, MD, Chief of Reproductive and Sexual Medicine at Yale School of Medicine, agreed with Tambini, pointing to a 2008 review published by himself and his colleagues in the International Journal of Impotence Research as evidence. In this review, they discussed how the fat pad above the public bone can make the penis appear shorter — a condition known as “hidden penis.” The review further noted that surgical removal or reduction of this fat pad is often a part of making the penis more visible, thus making it appear longer. However, while fat loss is likely the major factor that is making men on Reddit think their penis looks larger, a couple of other factors might account for this phenomenon as well. Tambini noted that GLP-1 medications have been shown to have cardiovascular benefits, which, in some, might improve blood circulation and erectile function. “Moreover, there is also a psychological element,” she said. “When someone is losing weight, feeling better, and becoming more confident, their body perception can shift, which may influence how they view themselves physically.” How do you know if your penis size has changed? To objectively measure any change, Tambini said you would need consistent measurements taken the same way, under similar conditions. “For example, measuring from the pubic bone to the tip of the penis while erect, before and after starting the medication,” she said. If you don’t measure in the same way each time, you can’t determine whether any observed changes are due to weight loss, improved erection quality, or simply changes in self-perception. If you want to follow the methodology from the study cited by Honig, take your measurement along the top side of the penis. They also took measurements in three states: flaccid (unstimulated), flaccid stretched (when gently pulled to its maximum length), and fully erect. Girth (circumference) measurements were taken at the midpoint of the shaft in both flaccid and erect states, per the study authors. However, it should be noted that they took measurements in all three states because they were comparing men to each other and wanted to account for the “grower versus shower” phenomenon, where some men “grow” when erect, while others tend to remain a similar size. If an individual is only looking for changes in himself, it would probably be sufficient to pick one state and remain consistent. Should you be concerned about a change in penis size? Although seeing a larger penis is often viewed by men as a weightloss bonus, there are certain times when a change might trigger a visit to your doctor. Tambini said that if you notice any changes, whether they seem positive or negative, it’s a good idea to speak with a healthcare professional. “Some changes, such as improved erectile function or increased energy, may be part of achieving better overall health,” she said. “However, if someone is experiencing difficulties with erections, sensitivity, or sexual performance, it is worth discussing.” According to Tambini, these symptoms may indicate health issues, such as low testosterone, medication side effects, or vascular problems. “If the change feels surprising, unexplained, or concerning, consulting a doctor is always the right move,” she advised. Honig additionally noted that patients on Ozempic may have diabetes along with obesity, which puts them at risk for erectile dysfunction. “We have excellent treatments for ED, including pills, shock wave therapy, penile injections, and placement of a penile implant,” he said. He suggested consulting the Sexual Medicine Society of North America’s Healthcare Provider Directory to locate a urologist who specializes in sexual medicine.

Yeztugo is a twice-yearly injection to prevent HIV that could improve adherence rates compared to other PrEP medications. d3sign/Getty Images The FDA has approved lenacapvir, a twice-yearly injection to prevent HIV infection that could improve adherence rates compared to other PrEP medications. The drug, which will be sold under the brand name Yeztugo, showed near-total effectiveness in clinical trials with minimal side effects. Experts are excited about using lenacapvir for HIV prevention, but remain cautious about the drug’s affordability and accessibility. A drug used to treat some HIV infections can now be used to help prevent HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.  On June 18, lenacapavir, a twice-yearly injection from Gilead Sciences, gained approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for HIV prevention in adults and adolescents. The drug, which will be sold under the brand name Yeztugo, significantly reduced the risk of HIV infection in two phase 3 clinical trials that were funded by Gilead. The PURPOSE 1 and PURPOSE 2 trials, which were highly inclusive by design, showed that 99.9% of participants who received lenacapavir remained HIV negative. The side effects were also minimal, mostly pain or swelling at the injection site. Additionally, when compared to current preexposure prophylaxis or PrEP therapies, lenacapavir offered superior protection against the HIV virus. In 2024, Science magazine named the drug its “Breakthrough of the Year.” PrEP treatments have been used in the United States to prevent HIV since 2012. These therapies generally involve daily oral medication (Truvada) or injections every two months (Apretude).  Now, a biannual injection option offers an effective and appealing alternative for HIV prevention with less commitment. Yeztugo is the first and only twice-yearly option for HIV prevention available in the United States for those who may need or want PrEP.  The FDA approval of this prevention therapy marks a silver lining amid uncertainty in HIV treatment and research. The Trump administration had recently announced federal cuts to funding for an HIV vaccine program and the elimination of federal support for clinical practice guidelines that advise doctors on how to diagnose and treat HIV. “Yeztugo could be the transformative PrEP option we’ve been waiting for — offering the potential to boost PrEP uptake and persistence and adding a powerful new tool in our mission to end the HIV epidemic,” Carlos del Rio, MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases at Emory University School of Medicine and co-director of the Emory Center for AIDS Research in Atlanta, said in a news release.  “A twice-yearly injection could greatly address key barriers like adherence and stigma, which individuals on more frequent PrEP dosing regimens, especially daily oral PrEP, can face. We also know that, in research, many people who need or want PrEP preferred less frequent dosing,” del Rio continued. Twice-yearly shot could improve PrEP adherence rates Despite advancements in HIV treatment and prevention, in 2023, more than 100 people were diagnosed with HIV every day in the United States. A recent CDC analysis shows that up to 2.5 million U.S. adults need PrEP to prevent HIV infection. However, just over one-third of those who would benefit from the medication are prescribed it. PrEP therapies are widely available in the United States, but the medication remains underutilized due to stigma or lack of affordability, insurance, and access. Black people, African Americans, and Latin or Hispanic populations are most impacted by this disparity, as are those who reside in the Southern U.S.  Experts say having a highly effective, twice-yearly PrEP option for HIV prevention could improve access for people with and without insurance and bolster adherence rates. “Providers are excited about the approval of long-acting lenacapavir for HIV prevention since this once-every-six-month injection has been shown to have high efficacy in preventing HIV in both women and men in two large trials,” said Monica Gandhi, MD, MPH, a professor of medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Gandhi wasn’t involved in the clinical trials. “Data from our clinic in San Francisco, which serves low income people with or at risk of HIV, and others have shown that long-acting PrEP works well for people living with HIV who have high rates of concomitant challenges such as housing insecurity and substance use where it can be difficult to take a daily oral pill for PrEP,” Gandhi told Healthline. Gandhi further noted that higher retention rates have been observed among those on long-acting PrEP with another long-acting agent, Apretude (cabotegravir), compared to oral PrEP alone. She anticipates similar improved adherence rates for those on long-acting Yeztugo (lenacapavir), both for those who have difficulty taking an oral pill or those who might prefer the convenience of a twice-yearly injection.   Twice-yearly PrEP could be a ‘game-changer‘ Within the United States, men who have sex with men, as well as heterosexual individuals with multiple partners, are considered high risk for HIV transmission.  But the need for accessible HIV prevention therapies like PrEP spans the globe. According to Gilead, regulators around the world are reviewing Yeztugo for HIV prevention. For now, the United States is the only country to approve the drug. “It’s very exciting and we have a great deal of confidence in it,” William Schaffner, MD, professor of preventive medicine and infectious diseases in the Department of Health Policy at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, said of the drug. Schaffner wasn’t involved in the clinical trials. “It could be a game-changer,” he told Healthline. “Short of a vaccine, this is a way to efficiently prevent HIV infection in large populations that are at high risk, not only in the developed world, but potentially in the developing world also. If we have the determination, followed by the allocation of resources to reach out to populations at high risk, we can make this available,” Schaffer noted. A promising option with obstacles ahead It’s unclear when Yeztugo will become available to the general U.S. population and how much it might cost out of pocket, particularly for those without health insurance. “I don’t know how quickly the company can make this available and educate practitioners about its utility, but certainly both in the public health sector — and we’ll see where the resources extend to — and in private medical circumstances, we may have to wait a little while before medical insurance programs include Yeztugo in their benefits packages,” Schaffer said. Gandhi expressed concern over the drug’s high cost and whether it would be covered by large health insurance companies. A corporate spokesperson for Gilead said lenacapavir could cost around $28,218 annually per person in the United States. “We are working to make Yeztugo accessible for anyone who needs or wants it and expect to see broad insurance coverage,” the spokesperson said by email. “We’ve seen high insurance coverage for existing prevention options — for example, the vast majority of consumers have a $0 copay for Descovy for PrEP in the U.S. —  and we are working to ensure broad coverage for lenacapavir.” Gandhi agreed that the estimated total cost per year is similar to the total cost of other long-acting PrEP therapies, such as Apretude (cabotegravir), but noted the medication may still be out of reach for those with low socioeconomic status who rely on federal subsidies. “These are days of austerity in healthcare, including the concerning possibility of a $700 billion cut to Medicaid which will be determined in an upcoming Senate vote, leaving the health insurance program for low-income individuals in the U.S. severely underfunded. I urge the company to reconsider their price to improve access for Americans,” Gandhi said.

Experts say there’s no compelling evidence of a “best” diet for weight loss. Anchiy/Getty Images Intermittent fasting resulted in similar weight loss as traditional calorie restriction, according to a new review. One form of intermittent fasting, known as whole-day fasting, did yield slightly more weight loss than caloric restriction. Experts say that the similar results across different diet protocols mean individuals trying to lose weight have more options available to suit their lifestyle. New research suggests that intermittent fasting is as effective as calorie-restricted diets for weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors. A systematic review of nearly 100 randomized clinical trials involving intermittent fasting (IF) and traditional calorie restriction (CR) found that both approaches yielded similar health benefits. The study, published on June 18 in The BMJ, found that IF and CR were equally effective. IF involves designated periods of eating and fasting and places less emphasis on what you eat than when you eat. By contrast, CR targets a specific daily calorie goal and allows any eating schedule. The analysis included several of the most common IF protocols, including: Alternate day fasting (ADF) alternates standard eating days with fasting days or very low calorie days. Time-restricted eating (TRE) restricts food intake to a daily window, typically 8 or 12 hours.  Whole day fasting, also known as the 5:2 diet, involves two or three weekly fasting days.  All forms of IF and traditional CR produced weight loss compared with no intervention at all — known as an ad libitum, or unrestricted, diet. Of the three primary IF methods, only alternate day fasting resulted in greater weight loss than CR. However, the authors note that longer trials are needed to substantiate their findings. “This analysis suggests that all three approaches, for the most part, lead to similar weight losses. This is why many of us believe that the best approach to losing weight is finding an approach that matches your lifestyle and is something you can practice for the long term,” said David B. Sarwer, PhD, director of the Center for Obesity Research and Education at Temple University and a spokesperson for the Obesity Society. Sarwer wasn’t involved in the research. IF has grown rapidly in popularity over the past decade, but evidence of its health benefits — namely, weight loss and cardiometabolic measures, such as blood glucose — has been inconsistent compared with more traditional, calorie-restricted diets. Although proponents of IF may be disappointed by the latest findings, experts say that similar results across diets mean that people have more options to find a method that works best for them. No clear ‘best’ when it comes to diet protocols Researchers included 99 randomized clinical trials involving more than 6,500 adults in the systematic review. The average age of participants was 45, and two-thirds were women. A small percentage was considered healthy, but the vast majority (about 90%) had existing health conditions, including overweight, obesity, and both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Participants’ average BMI was 31, meeting the standard clinical definition of obesity, which is a body mass index (BMI of 30 or higher. Trials ranged between 3 and 52 weeks — with an average of 12 weeks — and varied in quality. The review found that both IF and CR led to small reductions in body weight compared to an unrestricted diet. Among the different IF protocols, only ADF resulted in slightly more weight loss (nearly three pounds) than CR. Sarwer pointed out that while this may be statistically significant, such additional weight loss would be trivial in improving weight-related health issues. ADF also slightly outperformed both TRE and whole-day fasting in terms of weight loss, but these findings were not deemed significant. ADF also resulted in slight improvements to total and LDL cholesterol compared to time-restricted eating. “There is no compelling evidence that there is a ‘best’ diet for weight loss,” said Sarwer. “Rather, the ‘best’ approach is one where the person can make small, yet impactful changes to their food choices, eating behaviors, and level of physical activity that cause minimal disruption to their lifestyle and that they can maintain for the long term,” he said. Who benefits from intermittent fasting? Though IF is touted as the diet du jour, there isn’t enough compelling evidence to support it yet. Nonetheless, it has been linked to an array of health benefits, including: weight loss improved insulin resistance reduced inflammation brain health The key question, though, is not whether IF is beneficial compared to an unrestricted diet, but whether it’s better than CR. That’s where things are a little unclear. A 2024 review found that IF and CR were both associated with weight loss and equally effective across cardiometabolic, cancer, and neurocognitive outcomes. However, they noted that IF studies reported greater adherence, meaning people were better able to stick to them for the trial duration. A slightly older study published in NEJM in 2022 also concluded that among people with obesity, TRE wasn’t more beneficial than CR. On the other hand, in a clinical trial funded by the NIH, the results of which were published in April 2025, participants who did a variation of whole-day fasting (a 4:3 schedule rather than the more common 5:2) lost 50% more weight than CR (7.6% vs 5% body weight) after one year. The additional weight loss also translated into cardiometabolic improvements, such as blood pressure, total cholesterol, and A1C. Another trial, published in May 2025, found that just three months of TRE led to long-term weight loss, even after participants stopped the protocol. CR isn’t perfect either. Though it’s long been a standard dietary intervention, it can be harmful, leading to fatigue, nutrient deficiencies, and even depression. For now, experts agree that the right diet solution comes down to the individual. The best diet for you is the one you can stick to. “Fasting diets are easier to follow because the rules are fairly simple vs trying to start a Mediterranean diet, for example. Some patients who may particularly benefit from a time-restricted diet, for example, are individuals who tend to snack a lot at night,” said Sun Kim, MD, an associate professor of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism at Stanford Medicine who wasn’t involved in the research. She also cautions that individuals with diabetes who take insulin should be careful with fasting diets, as they may necessitate adjustments to insulin dosage and scheduling. You should also be cautious with intermittent fasting if you: are over age 65 have a history of disordered eating have low blood pressure are pregnant or nursing Adherence is key to long-term weight loss One final notable finding of the study was that adherence rates dropped precipitously the longer trials went on. Studies shorter than 24 weeks had high adherence, above 80%, while trials longer than 52 weeks typically reported poor adherence. In one trial involving whole-day fasting, adherence crashed from 74% at six weeks to just 22% at 52 weeks. These findings reinforce the idea that diet protocols should not be viewed as “one size fits all” but rather as tailored to each individual’s lifestyle. “I wish there was an easy solution to weight loss. In our society, there are many forces that push individuals toward weight gain. I always discuss with patients about finding a lifestyle change that they can sustain for the long haul,” said Kim. According to Sarwer, small, sustainable changes are key. “I’m more likely to suggest that people reduce the number of days a week that they eat ice cream, or reduce the portion size they eat, than to recommend that they stop eating ice cream all together,” he said.

To lose weight with GLP-1 drugs and keep it off, it’s important to adopt lifestyle habits like a balanced diet and regular exercise. Steve Christo – Corbis/Getty Images Researchers report that people taking GLP-1 drugs in daily life don’t lose as much weight as those in clinical trials who take the same medications. The researchers add that people using weight loss drugs don’t regain weight as quickly as those in clinical trials. One possible reason for the weight loss differential is that people in the “real world” tend to stop taking these medications sooner than people in clinical trials. People who use commonly prescribed weight loss medications don’t lose as much weight as participants in clinical trials, but they also don’t regain weight as quickly. That’s the conclusion of a new study published on June 10 in the journal Obesity. The study authors reported that the weight loss differential was mainly due to the fact that people tend to stop using GLP-1 drugs sooner than clinical trial participants. They also tend to use lower doses of these medications. The researchers also reported that A1C blood level reductions were similar for both groups of people. The researchers noted that they will initiate further research into what other measures, such as lifestyle changes or bariatric surgery, people may have adopted after discontinuing weight loss medications such as Wegovy and Zepbound. The researchers also want to look into why people stopped using weight loss drugs before their program regimen ended. “Our findings indicate that treatment discontinuation and use of lower maintenance dosages might reduce the likelihood of achieving clinically meaningful weight reduction in patients who initiate obesity pharmacotherapy with semaglutide or tirzepatide,” the study authors wrote. “Our findings could inform the decisions of healthcare providers and their patients on the role of treatment discontinuation and maintenance dosage in achieving clinically meaningful weight loss,” they added. ‘Real world’ use of weight loss medications For their study, researchers looked at the health records of 7,881 adults with obesity or weight management issues who did not have type 2 diabetes. Those people were seen between 2021 and 2023 at the Cleveland Clinic’s facilities in Ohio and Florida. Their average age was about 51 years. Nearly 80% of the subjects were white. Of those participants, 6,109 were prescribed a weight loss medication such as Wegovy with the active ingredient semaglutide. The other 1,772 were prescribed a weight loss drug, such as Zepbound, with the active ingredient tirzepatide. About 80% of those subjects were given low doses of their weekly injectable weight loss medications. Researchers reported significant differences between people using weight loss medications in phase 3 clinical trials and those taking the drugs in the “real world.” For starters, about half of those taking either medication in daily life stopped within the first 12 months. About 51% of those using a tirzepatide drug discontinued its use in that same time period. That compares with only 17% of semaglutide users and between 14% and 16% of tirzepatide users in clinical trials who quit during the first year. In addition, the average weight reduction for semaglutide participants in daily life was nearly 8% after one year while it was 12% for people taking tirzepatide. By comparison, the average weight loss in clinical trials was nearly 15% for semaglutide subjects as well as 15% for people on low dose tirzepatide and 20% for those on a higher dose of that medication. In general, weight loss was greater in people who took weight loss medications for a longer period of time. In addition, about 54% of people who had prediabetes at the start of their treatment plan improved to healthier A1C levels after one year. Around 3% of those studied progressed to type 2 diabetes after 12 months. Weight loss is a long-term commitment Mir Ali, MD, a surgeon and bariatric surgeon as well as the medical director of MemorialCare Surgical Weight Loss Center at Orange Coast Medical Center in California, said the main takeaway from this study is that weight loss is a long-term commitment. Ali wasn’t involved in the new study. “The long-term use of medications is more effective than short-term use,” Ali told Healthline. “The study confirms that obesity is a chronic condition like diabetes or hypertension.” Sarah Kim, MD, a professor of medicine at the University of California San Francisco, noted that discontinuing medication is common for people being treated for obesity and other conditions. Kim was likewise not involved in the new study. Kim added that adherence to medication schedules as well as diet and exercise programs isn’t as easy in real life because people don’t have the supervision and support a person gets during a clinical trial. “Real life is different and results aren’t always as spectacular as in clinical trials,” Kim told Healthline. Kim and Ali agreed that another reason people stop taking medications is that these drugs can be expensive, even if insurance is picking up part of the cost. There is also the fact that the side effects from these medications can be severe for some people. Plus, people in real life sometimes just get tired of the obligation of taking a pill or injecting themselves on a regular basis. Ali and Kim also noted that people need to realize that medications are only a tool to help them eat less. To lose weight and keep it off, a person needs to adopt lifestyle habits such as a healthy diet and regular exercise. “The medications are not a short-term kickstart. They don’t burn fat,” said Kim. “The medications just help with the suppression of hunger.” “The ultimate goal of the medications is to give people a tool to get them to a healthy weight,” Ali added. What to know about GLP-1 drug for weight loss Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1s) work by mimicking a hormone in the body that helps regulate blood sugar levels and reduces hunger pangs. One class of the newer GLP-1 medications uses the active ingredient semaglutide. They are sold under different brand names. Ozempic and Rybelsus have been approved to treat type 2 diabetes. Wegovy is approved for use in weight management. Semaglutide drugs are available as both oral tablets and injections. The other newer group uses the active ingredient tirzepatide. Mounjaro is approved to treat type 2 diabetes. Zepbound is approved for use in weight management. These medications are available only as injections. Previous studies have highlighted the effectiveness of these drugs on helping people lose weight. Past research has also indicated that these weight loss drugs can help lower a person’s risk of cancer as well as provide benefits to heart health and brain health. Experts say the medications have proven to be effective and their use is likely to increase. “This is a massive market and it’s not going to go away,” Ali said. “These medications are going to continue to be a big part of weight loss programs.” Learn more about how to get GLP-1 medications from vetted and trusted online sources here: Where to Buy Ozempic Online Where to Buy Ozempic Online How to Get Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) Where to Buy Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) Online How to Get Wegovy for Weight Loss In Person and Online How to Get a Wegovy Prescription Online How to Get Zepbound: What We Know So Far Where to Buy Zepbound Online

As the Nimbus variant increases in the U.S., many are reporting an unusually intense sore throat, described as feeling like swallowing razor blades. Ozgur Cankaya/Getty Images The Nimbus variant of COVID-19 is on the rise, as many have reported a painful symptom they’re calling “razor blade throat.” If you have a severe sore throat, it’s important to get tested to rule out strep throat to avoid severe complications. COVID-19 precautions like masking and vaccination remain important. A newly identified COVID-19 variant called “Nimbus” is rapidly spreading in the United States and making headlines with a common symptom that’s turning heads in exam rooms. People contracting a COVID-19 infection are reporting an unusually intense sore throat, described as feeling like swallowing razor blades. Some think this symptom, dubbed “razor blade throat,” may set this variant apart from earlier ones. However, experts aren’t so sure. Sore throat has long been recognized as a COVID-19 symptom. Early data suggest Nimbus may not cause more severe illness overall, but reports of severe sore throats are raising questions about how this variant might differ from its predecessors. Here’s what experts told Healthline about the Nimbus variant — and what you should know. Nimbus is more transmissible, but not as severe According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Nimbus, also known as NB.1.8.1, is a subvariant of the Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. Yale School of Medicine Assistant Professor Scott Roberts, MD, explained that Nimbus currently accounts for about one-third of COVID-19 cases in the United States. “It is more transmissible than the current circulating variants because of several mutations in the spike protein that make it distinct from the others,” he told Healthline. “But, it is still an omicron subvariant related to some variants that were circulating previously, so I suspect there will be an increase in cases, but not a wave to the degree we have had previously.” Kartik Cherabuddi, MD, FIDSA, Chief Hospital Epidemiology Officer at Tampa General Hospital, noted that while Nimbus is currently surging around the world, the public health risk is still low compared to other Omicron lineages. “Early and limited laboratory data do not show a significant capability to evade the immune system or increased resistance to antiviral treatment,” he told Healthline. Cherabuddi added that no reported studies are currently available on the impact of Nimbus on clinical outcomes. However, “[r]outine surveillance, so far, does not reveal an increase in hospitalization or death,” he said. ‘Razor blade throat’ may not be a new COVID symptom Roberts said the symptoms of the Nimbus variant are the same as those of prior COVID-19 variants, including fever, cough, and sore throat. “The ‘razor blade throat’ is anecdotal and there is no evidence to suggest that this variant leads to more severe sore throat than other variants,” he added. Roberts advised, however, if you do have a sore throat, it would be a good idea to test for COVID-19 to make sure it is not the cause. If your sore throat is severe, he also recommends checking in with your doctor to rule out strep throat. Other common symptoms of COVID-19 include loss of taste or smell and fatigue. Less frequently, individuals may experience: sore throat headaches body aches diarrhea skin rash discoloration of fingers or toes red, irritated eyes Symptoms of strep throat may include: sudden fever sore throat with white patches headache chills loss of appetite swollen lymph nodes problems with swallowing Experts say it’s important to distinguish strep throat from COVID-19. Unlike COVID-19, which is caused by a virus, strep throat is a bacterial infection caused by group A Streptococcus. Strep throat often requires antibiotic treatment to prevent potentially serious complications. These may include peritonsillar abscesses (pus-filled infections behind the tonsils), rheumatic fever (which can damage the heart, joints, and skin), post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (a type of kidney inflammation), and, in rare cases, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome or meningitis. How to protect yourself from the Nimbus variant The first thing to know about protecting yourself from the Nimbus variant is that nothing has really changed in this department. “The same tools that worked before will still work: handwashing, avoiding people who are sick, good ventilation, getting vaccinated, and masking in high risk settings,” said Roberts. The CDC recommends the vaccine for most adults ages 18 and older to maintain protection against severe illness, hospitalization, and death. Older adults, high risk individuals, and those who’ve never been vaccinated are especially encouraged to get it. Parents should consult a healthcare professional for kids under 18. The CDC additionally notes that immunity from previous vaccines wanes over time, making updated vaccination important. COVID-19 vaccine recommendations may also change soon, making it more difficult for healthy adults, children, and pregnant people to get one. Cherabuddi added there are certain symptoms that would indicate you need to consult with a physician, such as: severe throat pain throat pain that lasts longer than a week weight loss food sticking in your throat new or worsened shortness of breath “If any of these red flags occur, have it checked out,” he said.

A new study builds on evidence warning of the heart health harms associated with cannabis use. Stocksy United A new scientific analysis indicates that cannabis use may increase the risk of cardiovascular health issues, including stroke. In an accompanying editorial, two health experts say these risks are serious enough to warrant the regulation of cannabis in the same manner as tobacco. Previous research has reported on the health benefits of cannabis for people with chronic pain and other ailments, but experts say the potential effects of cannabis should be discussed with your doctor. Medical experts are sending out another strong warning about cannabis use and the risk of cardiovascular health issues. In an analysis published in the journal Heart, researchers report heightened risks of stroke, acute coronary syndrome, and death from cardiovascular disease associated with frequent cannabis use. In an accompanying editorial, two health experts say the dangers from cannabis use are serious enough to warrant the substance being regulated much like tobacco. The editorial authors say the warnings are particularly important because the recent widespread legalization of the drug may have convinced many people that cannabis use is safe. “Frequent cannabis use has increased in several countries, and many users believe that it is a safe and natural way to relieve pain or stress. In contrast, a growing body of evidence links cannabis use to significant harms throughout life, including cardiovascular health of adults,” wrote Stanton Glantz, PhD, an emeritus professor at the University of California San Francisco, and Lynn Silver, MD, a professor in UCSF’s Department of Epidemiology and a program director at the Public Health Institute in Oakland, CA. “Specifically, cannabis should be treated like tobacco: not criminalized but discouraged, with protection of bystanders from secondhand exposure,” the editorial authors added. Robert Page II, PharmD, a professor in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy and the Department of Physical Medicine/Rehabilitation at the University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, noted the analysis relied on observational studies, but said the message is clear. “This meta-analysis validates current large observation studies that cannabis should be considered a potential risk factor for premature development of ASCVD (atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease), said Page, who was chair of an American Heart Association writing group that authored a 2020 report on cannabis, medical cannabis, and heart health. Page wasn’t involved in the present study. “If we ignore these signals, we are destined to repeat the fatal history of cigarette smoking, which took years to finally realize its devastating effects on cardiovascular health and mortality,” he told Healthline. Cannabis and heart health In their analysis, researchers looked at 24 studies published between January 2016 and January 2023 that included about 200 million people. The study participants were mostly between the ages of 19 and 59. Cannabis use tended to be more frequent in males and in younger people. The researchers said their analysis of that data revealed that cannabis use doubled the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. They also reported that people who used cannabis had a 29% higher risk of acute coronary syndrome, a condition that causes sudden reduced or blocked blood flow to the heart, as well as a 20% higher risk of stroke. The researchers acknowledged that many of the studies they analyzed lacked information on missing data and had imprecise measures of cannabis exposure. Most of the studies were also observational. Nonetheless, their analysis comes less than a month after another study concluded that chronic use of cannabis is associated with a higher risk of endothelial dysfunction, a type of non-obstructive coronary artery disease in which there are no heart artery blockages but the large blood vessels on the heart’s surface constrict instead of dilating. In addition, another analysis from earlier this year reported that cannabis users were six times more likely to have a heart attack than non-users. A 2024 study concluded that people who use cannabis to treat chronic pain had a higher risk of atrial fibrillation and other forms of heart arrhythmia. The researchers in the new analysis say their findings are particularly important because the use of cannabis has soared in recent years. They also note that the potency of the drug has increased. There was no delineation in the analysis, however, on the risks of smoking cannabis compared to ingesting it. Cheng-Han Chen, MD, an interventional cardiologist and medical director of the Structural Heart Program at MemorialCare Saddleback Medical Center in California, said both methods may present health risks. Chen wasn’t involved in the study. “It is thought that ingesting THC increases systolic absorption of the chemical when compared to smoking THC and thus results in greater adverse effects,” he told Healthline. “However, cannabis smoke comes with a separate set of health concerns, as the smoke contains many carcinogens and mutagens similar to tobacco smoke.” Ziva Cooper, the director of the UCLA Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids, said the frequency someone uses cannabis, as well as the dosage, are also important factors. Cooper was likewise not involved in the study. She noted that new research is starting to show there are mental health risks to frequent cannabis use. One of those is cannabis use disorder, a condition that is estimated to affect 30% of people who use the substance. “There are new risks that are emerging that weren’t even on the radar,” Cooper told Healthline. She added cannabis can also impair people’s ability to drive as well as impair their cognitive abilities. “These are things that can affect a person’s everyday life,” Cooper said. Defending cannabis use Paul Armentano, the deputy director of NORML, a non-profit that advocates for the responsible use of cannabis, acknowledges there are studies that report health risks associated with cannabis use. Armentano wasn’t involved in the study. However, he told Healthline there are others who conclude there is no risk or even a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease from cannabis use. These include a 2023 study, a 2020 study, and a 2023 meta-analysis. “In short, while tobacco smoke exposure’s role in cardiovascular disease is well established, the potential role of cannabis smoke is not,” Armentano said. “Nonetheless, persons wishing to mitigate their intake of cannabis smoke can do so via the use of herbal vaporizers, which heat cannabinoids to the point of activation but below the point of combustion.” Armentano cited studies in 2006 and 2007 that reported no health effects from vaporization. Some research has reported on some overall health benefits derived from cannabis use. A 2023 study concluded that medical cannabis can improve the quality of life for some people with chronic pain. Other research has reported that cannabis can be helpful to people with depression, social anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There are also indications that cannabis products can help ease the side effects of cancer treatments. Talking with your doctor about cannabis In their editorial, Glantz and Silver encourage medical professionals to become leaders in cannabis education. “There is an important role for public health and public policy in addressing the risks identified [in the new analysis],” they wrote. “While the trend toward legalization is established, that does not mean that the risks of cannabis use should be minimized or its use encouraged.” Page said he takes cannabis use into consideration when assessing his patients’ cardiovascular health. “While many of the current cardiovascular risk calculators do not include smoking cannabis into their algorithms, I do include it (just like smoking cigarettes) when assessing patients’ cardiovascular risk and consider it just as powerful a risk factor as smoking cigarettes,” he said. Page added that people should be informed about the many potential health issues of cannabis use before deciding whether to use it. “Know the risks and talk to your primary care provider before considering any use, medical or recreational. Many younger adults feel invincible and have the belief that ‘This will not happen to me’ or ‘I could never develop cannabis use disorder.’ However, it does and can occur,” he said. “For older adults, I caution them regarding potential drug-drug interactions as both THC [tetrahydrocannabinol] and CBD [cannabidiol] can have effects on a large majority of medications, both pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically,” Page added. Chen agrees that patients need to educate themselves about cannabis before trying it. “Any form of cannabis use does involve some risk to your health. Everyone must decide for themselves how much risk they want to expose themselves to,” said Chen. “I would advise people to avoid smoking cannabis, as the smoke can directly harm the lungs. Also, patients with known pre-existing cardiovascular disease or with cardiovascular risk factors should consider avoiding cannabis use in general, given the potential harm to heart health,” he added. Cooper noted that cannabis has 500 different chemical components, so its effects can vary greatly from person to person. “People should understand what kind of product they are using,” she said.

Gen Xers and older Millennials are 3 to 4 times more likely to develop appendix cancer compared to their parents, a new study suggests. Nicky Lloyd/Getty Images Appendix cancer cases are rising among young adults, according to new research. Gen Xers and older Millennials face three to four times the risk compared to those born in the 1940s. Appendix cancer is rare, and regular screening is not common, so it’s important to discuss any unusual abdominal symptoms with your doctor. Appendix cancer cases are rising sharply among young adults, a new study shows. The findings, published June 10 in Annals of Internal Medicine, found that Gen Xers and Millennials are developing appendix cancer at significantly higher rates than their parents. Experts caution that this type of cancer remains exceedingly rare, affecting about 1 or 2 people per million per year. Still, the uptick mirrors a broader trend in rising early onset cancers in young people, such as colorectal cancer. “Compared to those born in the 1940s, Gen X and older Millennials are around three times more likely to be diagnosed with appendix cancer overall. That was quite striking to us,” said Andreana N. Holowatyj, PhD, MS, an assistant professor of hematology and oncology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, and first author of the study. “Seeing these parallel effects across other gastrointestinal cancers really makes us raise an eyebrow as to what are the etiologies that are underpinning these alarming and worrisome trends,” Holowatyj told Healthline. Kiran Turaga, MD, MPH, the chief of surgical oncology at the Yale School of Medicine, said the study validates what he often sees in practice. Turaga was not involved in the study. “Last week in clinic, I saw 18-year-olds and 20-year-olds with appendix cancer. This is a real phenomenon that we’re noticing,” he told Healthline. Little guidance currently exists on appendix cancer screening and prevention. However, the findings from this new research could heighten awareness of this rare form of cancer emerging in young adults. Appendix cancer is 3 to 4 times higher in Millennials, Gen Xers The researchers analyzed appendix cancer rates across generations using the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry. They identified 4,858 cases of appendix cancer in individuals ages 20 and older from 1975 through 2019. When examining incidence over time, an unsettling trend emerged. Rates have risen annually since 1945, with those born between 1975 and 1985 experiencing three to four times the incidence rate of individuals born in the 1940s. This increase does not appear to be solely due to confounding factors such as improved imaging technology. “This is not just a phenomenon of increased detection,” Turaga said. “Just looking at the magnitude of these numbers, combined with what we’re seeing in our clinics and what we understand about our patients, I do believe that this is a true phenomenon of increasing incidence of appendix cancer, especially in younger adults.” Appendix cancer is rare — accounting for fewer than 1% of gastrointestinal cancers — and has often been lumped in with more common colon and other GI cancers. As a result, comparatively little is known about its biology and epidemiology. In many cases, appendix cancer is diagnosed incidentally after appendicitis surgery, when the removed appendix is sent for biopsy. Historically, appendix tumors were classified as right-sided colon cancers rather than recognized as a distinct biological entity. “Over the last decade or so, evidence has emerged saying the biology of an appendix tumor and a right-sided colon tumor are different, really predicating the need for additional studies,” Holowatyj said.  “Even right now, because there are no FDA-approved therapies for appendix cancer and due to a lack of evidence, appendix cancers in clinical guidelines are treated like right-sided colon tumors,” she continued. Why are early onset cancer rates increasing? Young adults are at increased risk for a multitude of cancers compared to older generations. A 2024 study, published in Lancet Public Health, found that Millennials had a higher risk of 17 different forms of cancer, including: breast cancer uterine (endometrial) cancer colorectal cancer stomach cancer testicular cancer ovarian cancer Despite the evidence demonstrating these trends, it’s unclear what’s driving them. “It’s not going to come down to just one factor. It’s going to be a constellation of factors, including both lifestyle factors, such as the effects of obesity, physical inactivity, and dietary patterns, together with the environment,” said Holowatyj. Turaga noted some potential environmental culprits, but stressed that there is no clear evidence to suggest a causal link at this time. Some hypotheses include: antibiotics (in both humans and animals) dysregulation of gut flora (dysbiosis) microplastics exposure air pollution ultra-processed foods rising obesity rates “It’s incredibly challenging to pinpoint these factors, so we’re not quite there yet, but hopefully with additional evidence we’ll be able to understand what factors specifically are increasing risk of this disease so that we can work to create effective strategies to reverse these trends and reduce the overall burden,” said Holowatyj. One added complication specific to appendix cancer noted by Holowatyj and others is the increasing regularity of treating appendicitis with antibiotics rather than surgical removal.  This pivot to less invasive treatment of appendicitis could potentially lead to worse outcomes for patients with appendix cancer. “The challenge becomes that if you ignore someone who has a tumor who has appendicitis and you treat it with antibiotics, that’s one big risk factor for these patients actually progressing without being treated,” she said. Appendix cancer prevention There are no standardized approaches to screening for appendix cancer. Even colonoscopies, considered the gold standard for colon cancer screening, can miss them, Yun Song, MD, an assistant professor of surgical oncology at MD Anderson Cancer Center who wasn’t involved in the research, told Healthline. Given this lack of screening, she encourages everyone to be aware of what possible signs and symptoms look like. “I recommend paying attention to unexpected weight loss or nagging, sometimes subtle, abdominal symptoms (pain, discomfort, bloating) that won’t go away, and seeking appropriate medical attention for these issues. In women, appendix cancers may also be confused with gynecologic issues,” she said. According to the National Cancer Institute, common symptoms of appendix cancer may include: abdominal pain feeling bloated or growing abdominal size a mass in the abdomen nausea and vomiting feeling full soon after starting to eat “Despite an increasing incidence, appendix cancers are still rare, so not every abdominal symptom means you have appendix cancer. With that said, be aware of your family history, as multiple family members with cancer may mean that you are at increased risk for cancer,” Song said.

New research suggests the risk of IBS in people with ADHD is 1.63 times greater than in people who don’t have ADHD. SDI Productions/Getty Images A new study indicates there may be an association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Researchers say an altered gut microbiome may be one of the main factors for this connection. Further study is warranted, as one expert doesn’t believe there is a correlation between the two conditions. In a new meta-analysis, scientists say they have established a “significant positive association” between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and a higher risk of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The researchers said an altered gut microbiome may be the “potential link that bridges the gap between ADHD and intestinal disorder.” Their findings were published recently in the journal Scientific Reports. The researchers said their analysis has significance in the daily lives of people with ADHD. “IBS considerably affects quality of life in affected patients. Its presence in ADHD patients may further complicate the management of ADHD,” they wrote. “Our results suggest that gut microbiome may explain the link between ADHD and IBS. Our finding of the positive association between ADHD and IBS suggests that clinicians should be aware of gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adults with ADHD,” they added. The researchers noted there were several limitations to their analysis. They said that nearly half of the studies they examined were from Asia and only two studies included people of all ages. One expert not involved in the study is highly critical of the research. “I am highly critical of the study design, findings, and conclusions. The studies included into this meta-analysis are very heterogenous in terms of age, geographical region, study size, study design and probably in terms of diagnostic criteria used for IBS and ADHD,” said Emeran Mayer, MD, a professor of psychology medicine at the University of California Los Angeles and the director of the UCLA Gail and Gerald Oppenheimer Family Center for Neurobiology of Stress. “It is also highly likely that different diagnostic criteria were used for some of the IBS studies. Previous well-designed studies have shown no correlation between IBS and ADHD,” Mayer told Healthline. Are IBS and ADHD linked? To reach their conclusions, the researchers analyzed 11 past studies with 3.8 million individuals, including about 175,000 people with ADHD. The 11 studies that were examined were all published within the past 25 years. The researchers reported that the risk of IBS in people with ADHD was 1.63 times greater than in people who don’t have ADHD. They added their research did not demonstrate an association between ADHD and other intestinal disorders. The scientists noted that an altered gut microbiome has been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. They added that children with ADHD tend to have more gastrointestinal issues, such as constipation and flatulence, than children without the condition. They said these past studies have indicated that there is a connection between the gut-brain axis and ADHD. Mayer isn’t convinced. “The study is purely correlational and does not provide any evidence for a causal relationship between ADHD and IBS, or between gut microbiome and ADHD prevalence,” he said. “On the other hand, given the high comorbidity of ADHD with other psychiatric disorders, including anxiety, and the high comorbidity of IBS with anxiety and depression, a correlation between IBS and ADHD is likely. IBS is a disorder of altered gut-brain interactions characterized by higher anxiety levels. Consistent alteration in the gut microbiome in IBS patients has not been reported.” Max Wiznitzer, MD, pediatric neurologist at Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, professor of pediatrics and neurology at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, and co-chair of the Professional Advisory Board at the Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (CHADD), said there are other better explanations for the association between ADHD and IBS. Wiznitzer wasn’t involved in the study. “It is likely due to comorbid anxiety and/or depression,” Wiznitzer told Healthline. “With the failure [of the researchers] to recognize or comment on the likely association with comorbid depression or anxiety by Ng et al in the Scientific Reports, the value of their conclusions is questionable (i.e., it is likely that the comorbid condition and not the ADHD is the reason for the association). Furthermore, they focus so much on gut microbiota that they overlook other potential reasons,” he noted. What to know about ADHD Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is described as a mental health condition that can cause impulsive behaviors. Symptoms of ADHD include: difficulty focusing on a task being easily distracted unable to sit still for an extended period time interrupting people while they are talking The American Psychiatric Association lists three different types of ADHD. They are: predominantly inattentive predominantly hyperactivity-impulsive a combination of both types Scientists are still uncertain of the underlying cause of ADHD, although they believe genetics may be involved. The researchers in the current study note that ADHD has been linked to a wide range of consequences for individuals. These included an increased risk of smoking, substance-related disorders, sexual risk-taking behavior, greater driving risk, and suicidal behavior. They added that the chronic condition also poses a significant economic burden on families and society. The researchers noted that ADHD can co-occur with other neuropsychiatric conditions such as autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. ADHD is generally diagnosed in children, although the condition can be present in adults. The condition is more prevalent in boys than in girls. Treatments for ADHD include behavioral therapy and medication. A balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and limiting screen time on phones, computers, and television are also recommended. Mayer said there are therapies that can be beneficial. “There is a number of behavioral techniques that have been used successfully in patients with ADHD. Similar cognitive behavioral techniques have been shown to benefit patients with IBS,” he said. What to know about IBS Irritable bowel syndrome is a group of intestinal symptoms that can include abdominal cramping, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. The condition is more common in women than in men. It also tends to affect younger adults more often than older adults. The symptoms are mild in some people but can be serious enough in other people to disrupt their daily lives. The exact cause of IBS is not known, although an oversensitive colon and immune system difficulties are potential factors. Triggers for IBS can include stress and anxiety. Some foods can also trigger IBS. They include: beans onions fruits certain dairy products certain carbohydrate-rich products There are ways to help relieve IBS symptoms. These include: regular exercise limiting consumption of caffeinated beverages minimizing stress taking probiotics quitting smoking Some nutritionists recommend that people with IBS adhere to a low FODMAP diet, an eating plan that focuses on avoiding certain carbohydrates. “I recommend a multi-component treatment plan including personalized dietary recommendations, behavioral techniques, including self-relaxation techniques, mindfulness-based stress reduction, and cognitive behavioral therapy,” said Mayer. “In more refractory cases, centrally acting medications like low dose tricyclic antidepressants. In patients with severe psychiatric comorbidity (anxiety or depression, less than 10% of all patients), I prescribed SSRIs,” he added. Wiznitzer shared some simple advice for people with IBS. “Manage the anxiety and depression, and the IBS should improve,” he said.

The Trump administration’s plan to cut funding for HIV vaccine research comes at a time when the field is making progress. Victor Torres/Stocksy United The Trump administration reportedly plans to cut almost all funding for HIV vaccine research. Experts say the decision comes at a time when research in this field is making substantial progress. Many effective treatments are available for HIV, but these are lifelong commitments that manage a chronic disease rather than cure it. Treatments for HIV infection have come a long way since the 1980s, when too many lives were lost during the epidemic. Today, antiretroviral therapies and other treatments allow people with HIV to live longer lives and, in many cases, prevent the transmission of the virus that causes the disease to other people. Scientists now say the next step in the fight is a vaccine that protects against HIV. However, that next development could be on the chopping block. Trump administration officials reportedly plan to halt funding for a wide array of HIV vaccine research. Researchers told CBS News they have been informed by officials at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has instructed the agency not to issue any more funding during the next fiscal year for HIV vaccine research. NIH officials said HHS officials have instead decided to “go with currently available approaches to eliminate HIV.” The decision will close down HIV vaccine research projects at the Duke Human Vaccine Institute and the Scripps Research Institute, according to a report in the journal Science. Officials at Moderna also told CBS News that their current clinical trials on HIV vaccines have been put on hold. Experts say the decision to cut funding for an HIV vaccine is short-sighted and reckless. “I’m stunned by this decision,” said Jake Scott, MD, a clinical associate professor of medicine at Stanford University in California who specializes in infectious diseases. “There is no scientific or medical evidence to justify these cuts at the exact moment this field is showing real promise,” he told Healthline. Carl Baloney Jr., the chief executive officer-elect of AIDS United, agreed. “Eliminating funding for HIV vaccine research undermines decades of scientific progress and turns our back on a future where HIV could be preventable for all, regardless of where someone lives, their income, or access to healthcare,” he told Healthline. Why an HIV vaccine is important Experts say that treatments for HIV are incredibly effective. However, they note that most involve daily adherence and aren’t necessarily readily available or affordable for many people. “There are a lot of good options, but they can be really expensive,” Scott said. “These medications are also not a cure. They are a lifetime burden.” The experts add that people with low levels of HIV in their system can still have weakened immune systems. That can raise the risk of serious infections as well as inflammation that can lead to conditions such as heart disease. “A vaccine can help prevent all this,” said Scott. Experts note that a vaccine research program may be difficult to put back together even if a new administration restored funding in the near future. They say it took decades to build these programs and restarting them would take time. In addition, researchers will leave the field of HIV prevention to set up shop in another industry that is receiving funding. “We could lose an entire generation of scientists,” said Scott. “This is setting the field back a decade or more at a critical time.” “This isn’t just about canceling [a] clinical trial. It’s about sidelining the scientists, institutions, and community partners driving innovation forward,” added Baloney. “These setbacks could delay the development of a successful HIV vaccine by years or even decades.” How scientists fought against HIV The first treatment for HIV was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1987. Azidothymidine (AZT) was first developed in 1964 as a treatment for cancer. It was ineffective in that usage, but in the 1980s, scientists discovered AZT could suppress HIV replication without damaging healthy cells. It helped treat people with AIDS as well as people who were HIV positive but had no symptoms. In the 1990s, other nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were developed and approved. Laboratory tests to measure viral load and cell counts accelerated this research. From there, scientists experimented with combining drugs to help counter the HIV virus’s ability to mutate and replicate. In 1996, a triple-drug therapy proved effective in thwarting HIV replication and creating a barrier against drug resistance. Since then, these antiretroviral drugs have become more effective and more available. The effectiveness of these medications is nothing short of miraculous. In the 1980s, the average life expectancy after an AIDS diagnosis was one year. Today, people who adhere to combination antiretroviral drug therapies can expect to live a near-normal life span. In some cases, the medications can reduce the HIV viral load in a person to the point where the virus is undetectable and can’t be transmitted to another person. How is HIV treated today? More than 50 types of HIV medications are now approved for use. Some of the more commonly used antiretroviral medications are: Combination NRTI drugs that include Truvada and Descovy. These medications work by preventing HIV from converting its RNA into DNA. This prevents the virus from making copies of itself.. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) that include Vocabria and Biktarvy. These drugs work by blocking an enzyme that HIV uses to put HIV DNA into human DNA inside cells. Protease inhibitors (PIs) such as Lexiva and Crixivan. These medications work by blocking an enzyme that HIV needs as part of its life cycle. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) that include Intelence and Viramune. These drugs work by preventing the HIV virus from making copies of itself. Entry inhibitors such as Fuzeon and Selzentry. These medications work by blocking HIV from entering CD4 T cells. In addition, there are drugs known as Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) inhibitors, such as Tybost and Norvir, that help boost the levels of HIV medications in the bloodstream. There are also medications known as post-attachment inhibitors that when used with antiretroviral drugs can help prevent HIV from entering immune cells. Trogarzo was the first of these drugs to become available, having been approved in 2018. In addition, there are attachment inhibitor medications, a newer form of HIV drug that works by attaching to a viral protein, which prevents that protein from entering healthy T cells. Only one type of this medication, Rubokia, is currently available, having been approved in 2020. Most people with HIV are given medications, but there also are long-acting injections that are given once a month or once every other month. Scott said these treatments are cures that have turned HIV into a “managed chronic disease” to the point where he and other colleagues now refer to AIDS as “advanced HIV.” Baloney said, however, there are limits to how much treatments can do. “Current treatments and prevention tools have transformed HIV into a manageable chronic condition, but they are not a cure and they’re not accessible to everyone,” he said. “An HIV vaccine would be a game-changer, especially for communities facing systemic barriers to care.” Preventive measures for HIV Even with the available treatments, experts agree that it’s better for a person if they don’t contract HIV in the first place. They say condom use, along with dental dams and gloves, can be effective barriers to contracting HIV. Limiting sexual partners is also recommended, as are sterile needles for intravenous drug users. Getting tested for HIV is also an important component. It’s estimated that more than 1 million people in the United States have HIV, and 13% of them don’t know they have contracted the virus. There are medications available that can be taken as a precaution or after potential exposure to HIV. These drugs include: Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP): These medications can be taken as a daily pill or a bimonthly injection. The first injectable PrEP drug was Apretude, which was approved by the FDA in 2021. Truvada can also be used as PrEP therapy. These medications help prevent HIV from getting a foothold in the body. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) drugs: These are designed to be taken within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV. It is a pill ingested once a day for 28 days. Lenacapavir: This injectable drug has been tested in clinical trials as a potential PrEP therapy. The FDA is scheduled to vote on its approval on June 19. Experts say all these preventive measures are good practices, but they note that vaccines are still the most effective. “None of these replace the potential power of a preventive vaccine, especially in communities where stigma, criminalization, and health disparities limit the reach of existing tools,” Baloney said.

A large study found that dementia risk was lowest in the Mid-Atlantic region and highest in the Southeast. Getty Images A large study of U.S. veterans has found regional differences in dementia risk. The Southeast region had the highest risk, while the Mid-Atlantic had the lowest. Experts say healthcare resources should be tailored to meet regional differences. There are also lifestyle choices that individuals can make to reduce their dementia risk. A new nationwide study reveals that your risk of dementia might vary depending on where you live. Dementia is an incurable condition that causes a progressive decline in a person’s cognitive abilities, including thinking, memory, and behavior. The researchers found significant regional differences in dementia rates among older U.S. veterans, which they say highlights the need for targeted healthcare strategies.  The findings, published online on June 9 in JAMA Neurology, show that among veterans ages 65 and older, dementia incidence was lowest in the Mid-Atlantic region and highest in the Southeast. Even after adjusting for factors like age, race, education, rural living, and heart health, the Southeast region showed up to 25% higher dementia rates, with the Northwest and Rocky Mountains regions at 23%. Experts suggest that socioeconomic factors, healthcare quality, lifestyle, and environmental exposures may contribute to these disparities.  The findings underscore the importance of region-specific public health interventions to better support those at greater risk.  As dementia continues to affect millions nationwide, understanding these geographic patterns could help reduce risk and improve care efforts for vulnerable populations. Dementia rates vary by U.S. regions This large study examined how rates of new dementia cases vary across different regions of the United States among older veterans receiving care through the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).  The researchers followed over 1.2 million dementia-free veterans aged 65 and older for an average of about 12.6 years to see where dementia diagnoses occurred most frequently. They divided the country into 10 regions based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definitions and tracked new dementia diagnoses using medical codes recorded during veterans’ visits to VHA facilities.  The study also considered factors such as age, sex, race, education level in their neighborhoods, whether veterans lived in rural or urban areas, and if they had other health problems like diabetes, high blood pressure, or heart disease. The researchers found that dementia incidence rates differed significantly by region. The Mid-Atlantic region (including states like Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey) had the lowest dementia incidence at about 11.2 cases per 1,000 person-years.  In contrast, the Southeast (including Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi) had the highest rate, with about 14.0 cases per 1,000 person-years — a roughly 25% higher risk compared to the Mid-Atlantic.  In addition to the 23% higher rates in the Northwest and Rocky Mountains, other regions with higher dementia rates included: South: 18% South Atlantic: 12% Midwest: 12% The remaining regions had a less than 10% difference. These differences remained even after adjusting for important factors such as age, sex, race and ethnicity, education level (measured by the percentage of college-educated adults in the area), rural versus urban residence, and cardiovascular health conditions like hypertension and diabetes.  This suggests that other region-specific factors might be contributing to the varying dementia risks. Possible contributors to these regional differences include socioeconomic disparities, lifestyle and environmental factors, access to and quality of healthcare, and diagnostic practices. For example, regions with higher dementia rates tended to have lower educational attainment and higher rates of conditions like stroke and hypertension.  Living in a rural area was associated with some increased risk, but did not fully explain the differences.  The authors also noted that the VHA system provides relatively even access to healthcare, so differences in healthcare availability might be less of a factor than in the general population. Overall, the study highlights that dementia risk is not uniform across the United States and that public health strategies and healthcare resources should be tailored to address these regional differences to better support populations at higher risk. Why some regions may have higher dementia risk Logan DuBose, MD, co-founder of Olera, who was not involved in the study, explained that several factors can influence a person’s risk of dementia. These may include: air pollution availability of green spaces population density (e.g., rural vs. urban) access to healthcare socioeconomic status community and social isolation diet physical activity sunlight exposure “So as we look at this study’s finding — that the Southeast has 14 cases per 1,000 person-years while the Mid-Atlantic has only 11.2 cases per 1,000 person-years — even after adjusting for demographics, rurality, and cardiovascular conditions, it’s interesting to consider how these environmental and social factors I mention are at play and may create regional patterns in dementia risk like the study showed,” DuBose told Healthline. DuBose added, however, that the population consisted entirely of veterans followed from October 1999 to September 2021, which might be a confounding variable since some U.S. regions are more veteran-friendly than others. For example, there are more military bases and places where they can access VA healthcare services. “That said, the large number of participants and sound study protocol still seems to make it likely that there is in fact a generalizable, statistically significant, and likely clinically significant regional difference in dementia risk,” DuBose noted. How to reduce your dementia risk Just because you live in a particular geographic region doesn’t necessarily mean you will develop dementia. As Raj Dasgupta, MD, chief medical advisor for Garage Gym Reviews, who was also not involved in the study, said that research like this helps us to “connect the dots” and identify patterns. “If we know where dementia is hitting hardest, we can focus on bringing more support and resources to those communities,” Dasgupta told Healthline. “It’s not just about the numbers, it’s about giving people in those areas a better shot at early diagnosis, treatment, and [risk reduction],” he added. Dasgupta noted that there is plenty we can do on the individual level to reduce the risk of developing dementia. “Regular exercise, a heart-healthy diet, staying mentally and socially active, getting good sleep, and managing conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes all help,” he said. “Basically, what’s good for your heart tends to be great for your brain too. Small, consistent habits really add up when consistent over time.”

A healthy, well-balanced diet is key to successful, sustained weight management. Photography by Aya Brackett Calorie-restricted dieting is linked to an increased risk of depression in a new study that finds anyone who is on a “diet” is more likely to be depressed. The findings were especially pronounced in people with overweight, who were more frequently depressed when following nutrition-restricted diets. Experts recommend a healthy, well-balanced diet as the surest way to successful, sustained weight management. New research suggests that people following a calorie-restricted diet may be at an increased risk of depression compared to non-dieters. The findings, published on June 2 in BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, found that both calorie- and nutrient-restrictive diets are associated with a higher incidence of depression in individuals with overweight. Calorie-restricted diets are associated with increased cognitive-affective symptoms in these individuals, while nutrition-restricted diets are linked to somatic symptoms. Previous studies examining the potential relationship between dieting and depression have not resulted in a consensus on the matter. The new study is an observational study that cannot directly establish cause and effect. As such, its authors frame it as an effort to contribute to the ongoing conversation. Low calorie diets and depression risk The cross-sectional study analyzes data collected from 28,525 respondents in the nationally representative 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 14,329 females and 14,196 males were included. The NHANES study measured the incidence of depression in participants by having them respond to the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). In general, PHQ-9 scores range from 0 to 27, with scores of 5–9 considered mild depression, 10–14 moderate depression, 15–19 moderately severe depression, and equal to or greater than 20 considered severe depression. Most of the participants, 25,009, were not on a diet and served as controls. A higher percentage of males (90%) weren’t dieting than females (85%). PHQ-9 scores for people on calorie-restricted diets averaged 0.29 points higher than for those who weren’t dieting. Of participants who were dieting, 2,026 were on a calorie-restricted diet, and 859 were on a nutrient-restricted diet. The remaining 631 were eating according to an established dietary pattern, such as one optimized for a medical condition, such as diabetes or hypertension. For people with overweight, increases in PHQ-9 scores were somewhat greater for calorie-restricted diets, 0.46 points, and uniquely elevated for nutrient-restricted diets, 0.61 points. Mental health impacts of dieting Ritu Goel, MD, board certified child, adolescent, and adult integrative psychiatrist, told Healthline that many people label foods as either “good” or “bad,” which, over time, may impact how they view themselves. “Their identity becomes tied to weight, and the number on the scale begins to shape their sense of self-worth,” Goel explained. Rachel Goldberg, LMFT, PMH-C, a therapist specializing in eating disorders and body image in Los Angeles, CA, echoed this sentiment. “Many people begin restricting in an effort to control their diet, almost always with the goal to lose weight,” she told Healthline. “But inevitably, this leads to eating more than planned and feeling out of control. On a physiological level, calorie restriction lowers a person’s bandwidth to handle stress.” Extended restrictive diets can result in low levels of protein, iron, and vitamin D, for example. “In attempting to ‘fix’ one area of health, individuals may inadvertently disrupt others, particularly mental health,” Goel suggested. Goldberg reported that her clients become “more upset at things that typically wouldn’t bother them, or they stop feeling joy for things they used to.” “Restriction isn’t a shortcut. It’s a trap, because it’s not sustainable and keeps you in a painful loop that takes up your mental energy,” she added. How many calories do you need each day? A calorie is a unit that measures energy: In foods, it is the number of energy units a food contains. When you expend energy through physical activity, calories are the number of energy units you spend. The number of calories a person requires depends on several factors, including gender, age, and level of physical activity. In general, most females need a minimum of 1,600 daily calories to maintain their weight, while males may need a minimum of 2,000 calories. How to practice healthy eating habits Michelle Routhenstein, MS, a registered dietitian specializing in heart disease, told Healthline she often works with people after they tried calorie-restrictive diets that didn’t work long-term. Routhenstein said that it’s vital for long-term weight management success to focus on balanced, and therefore, sustainable, changes to the way one eats. A particularly helpful habit is to practice mindful eating, in which a person learns to pay attention to the body’s true hunger cues as well as easily missed fullness cues. Pausing toward the end of a meal to give a fullness cue a chance to be “heard” may be a handy trick to help avoid overeating. Eating on a regular schedule can help reduce unwanted random eating and can also prevent hunger due to overlong periods without food. As Goel had mentioned, it can be helpful to avoid labeling foods as “good” or “bad.” “This can backfire,” said Routhenstein. “Instead, focus on choosing foods that provide nourishment and satiety to support a positive and balanced approach.” Routhenstein recommended seeking support from a registered dietitian “who can offer personalized guidance and accountability on your journey to healthier eating.” Foods to improve your mood Some foods are believed to be especially helpful for maintaining a positive mood. These include fatty fish such as salmon and sardines that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids “have been shown to reduce symptoms of depression and support cognitive function,” said Routhenstein. Recent research has connected a healthy gut microbiome to mood and emotional health via the gut-brain axis. Fermented foods, such as yogurt, kimchi, and kefir, are also being examined for their positive impact on mental health.

A new study suggests TikTok skin care videos catering to young girls contain harsh active ingredients, which may cause irritation and allergies. Filippo Bacci/Getty Images New research shows the potential health harms of TikTok skin care videos touting “lighter, brighter skin” marketed toward young girls ages 7 to 18. Many products analyzed contain harsh active ingredients, which may lead to skin irritation and chronic skin allergies. The findings show young content creators using an average of six skin care products costing $168 to $500 or more per regimen, with just 26% of regimens involving sunscreen use. Experts warn that unrealistic beauty standards perpetuated by social media send harmful messages to young girls. The “Get Ready With Me” (#GRWM) trend on social media platforms like TikTok and Instagram is wildly popular among pre-teen and adolescent girls. In these videos, young content creators demonstrate their skin care and makeup routines for captive audiences to absorb tips and tricks like a sponge. As with many social media trends perpetuated by algorithms catering to the interests of young, vulnerable minds, some #GRWM hacks may do more harm than good. In a first-of-its-kind study, Northwestern Medicine researchers examined the potential risks associated with skin care routines shared on TikTok by teenage girls. To do this, researchers created two undercover TikTok profiles, each claiming to be 13 years old.  After analyzing 100 unique videos generated in their “For You” tab based on their reported interests, the researchers determined that young girls ages 7 to 18 use an average of six different skin care products on their faces. Some girls, they found, use more than a dozen products in their routines.  According to the researchers, the skin care products included in the analysis were marketed toward younger audiences. The products are also expensive, averaging around $168 per monthly regimen and as high as $500 or more.  Using the Pediatric Baseline Series patch test, the researchers also found that the most-viewed videos had an average of 11 active ingredients known to raise the risk of skin allergy and irritation. The videos also emphasized “lighter and brighter skin,” and only 26% mentioned sunscreen use. TikTok’s platform is intended for users ages 13 and older, but the study suggests some content creators may have been as young as 7. The researchers told Healthline that some influencers disclosed their age in their videos. For those who didn’t, ages were determined based on content shared in the video that may pertain to their age, such as a birthday or another event (i.e., “GRWM for the first day of 6th grade!”) and any relevant hashtag (i.e., #highschool or #freshman). The researchers did not examine skin care routines on other social media platforms, which warrants further study. The authors also acknowledge the limited sample size, and the mental health implications were not evaluated, only inferred. “This type of content is common across all media, and the authors admit they did not assess its impact on teen well-being. However, they did find actual benefits to teen self-expression, parent-teen bonding, and building a supportive community on TikTok,” a TikTok spokesperson told Healthline by email. Still, experts say the findings, published on June 9 in the journal Pediatrics, are concerning and outweigh any potential benefits. “As a dermatologist and a mom of four, I was concerned about the kinds of messages that young teens are getting about skin and skin care on social media,” said corresponding author Molly Hales, MD, PhD, a postdoctoral research fellow and board certified dermatologist in the department of dermatology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine.  “The only product I regularly recommend for kids without specific skin problems is sunscreen. Worse, it seemed like teens were starting to think that they needed to use tons of products for their skin to be healthy,” Hales told Healthline. Skin care content linked to allergies, sensitivities The researchers collected TikTok skin care videos between April 1 and May 15, 2024. They found that the high risk of skin irritation and allergy was linked to content creators using multiple active ingredients simultaneously.  Active ingredients like hydroxy acids may be especially harmful to young, developing skin and may cause allergic contact dermatitis, a reaction which could lead to long-term skin sensitivities. “The skin care products and regimens being used in the videos have dermatologic risks (irritation, allergy, and sun sensitivity), and set an unrealistic standard of beauty that is promoted as ‘health,’” Hales said. Daniel Ganjian, MD, FAAP, board certified pediatrician at Providence Saint John’s Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, cited several reasons for young people to avoid using products with certain active ingredients (Ganjian wasn’t involved in the study): Delicate skin barrier: Young skin is more delicate and has a less developed barrier compared to adult skin, making it more susceptible to irritation, dryness, and allergic reactions. Harsh ingredients can disrupt this barrier, leading to increased sensitivity. Higher risk of sensitization: Repeated exposure to irritating ingredients at a young age can lead to sensitization. This means the immune system becomes “trained” to react to these substances, leading to chronic skin allergies (allergic contact dermatitis) that can persist into adulthood. Long-term skin issues: Early exposure to harsh chemicals can lead to long-term skin problems beyond immediate allergies, such as chronic inflammation, dryness, and a compromised skin barrier, making skin more prone to other issues like acne or eczema. Signs of allergic reaction Ganjian told Healthline that chronic skin allergies caused by skin care products may range in severity, but in some cases, can be serious. Common symptoms of a reaction may include: Itching: Often intense and persistent. Redness (Erythema): The affected skin becomes noticeably red. Rash: Can appear as flat, raised, bumpy, or scaly patches. Swelling: Especially common on the face, lips, and eyelids. Dry, flaky, or scaly skin: The skin may become dry, cracked, or peel. Hives: Raised, itchy, red welts. Blisters: Small, fluid-filled bumps that may break open and ooze. Burning or stinging sensation: Discomfort in the affected area. Thickened skin (lichenification): In chronic cases, repeated scratching can lead to thickened, leathery skin. “In severe cases, allergic reactions can impact a person’s quality of life significantly, leading to discomfort, sleep disturbances, and self-consciousness,” Ganjian said.  “While rare for topical products, extremely severe reactions like anaphylaxis (a life threatening whole-body allergic reaction) are possible with some allergens, though this is more commonly associated with food or insect stings.” Beauty content emphasizes ‘lighter, brighter skin’  Many of the TikTok videos analyzed by the researchers emphasized “lighter, brighter skin” as a picture of health. In one video, an influencer applied 10 products to her face in just six minutes to achieve this effect. “As she’s applying the products, she begins to express discomfort and burning, and in the final few minutes, she develops a visible skin reaction,” said senior author Tara Lagu, MD, MPH, adjunct lecturer of medicine and medical social sciences at Feinberg and a former Northwestern Medicine hospitalist, in a news release. “We saw that there was preferential, encoded racial language in some cases that really emphasized lighter, brighter skin. I think there also were real associations between use of these regimens and consumerism,” Lagu continued. Lagu and Hales concluded that the content they examined offered little to no benefit for the young demographics they’re targeting, and that the potential harms extend beyond the risk of skin damage. “It’s problematic to show girls devoting this much time and attention to their skin,” Hales said in a news release. “We’re setting a very high standard for these girls.” Mental health harms of high beauty standards The researchers’ estimates for the high monthly costs of skin care regimens touted by young content creators are likely out of reach for the average young person. It’s unknown how the young influencers paid for the products. “We were disturbed at the high cost of some of the most common products used in the videos, most of which offer little to no benefit to the young teens and pre-teens who were shown using them,” Hales said.  “It makes me wonder about the many girls whose families can’t afford to spend $68 on a moisturizer, and whether they think that their skin is somehow less healthy as a result.” What’s more, skin care content promoting unrealistic beauty standards may cause mental health harm during adolescence, when young people are developing their sense of self. “Constant external validation sought through appearance can hinder the development of a healthy, authentic identity based on internal qualities and values,” Ganjian noted.  These impacts may include:  body image dissatisfaction and low self-esteem anxiety and depression eating disorders and unhealthy behaviors social isolation perfectionism and obsessive tendencies distorted perception of reality impact on identity development “True beauty encompasses overall health, confidence, and internal qualities,” Ganjian continued.  “Chasing unrealistic beauty ideals perpetuated online can be detrimental to mental well-being. Be highly skeptical of skin care content on social media platforms like TikTok. Understand that much of it is marketing-driven, often promotes unrealistic beauty standards, and may feature digitally altered images,” he said. Hales echoed this sentiment. “I’m concerned about problematic and unrealistic beauty standards being passed off as skin ‘health’ or ‘care,’ and potentially exposing young people to skin irritation, allergy, and sun sensitivity,” Hales said. “For parents whose kids are already expressing an interest in skin care or starting to purchase and use these products, I would encourage them to help their child select products with a minimum of active ingredients, such as hydroxy acids, which can be irritating and can make you more sensitive to the sun,” she added.  Skin care tips for teens Dermatologists and health professionals recommend keeping skin care routines simple, consistent, and gentle.  “Less is more with skin care,” Ganjian said. Many popular products promoted online contain ingredients that are too harsh for young skin and can lead to chronic allergies or other skin issues.” Ganjian shared some basic tips: Keep it simple: Avoid overly complicated routines with many steps or strong active ingredients. Cleanse gently twice daily: Wash your face twice daily (morning and night) and after sweating, using a mild, fragrance-free, noncomedogenic cleanser that won’t clog pores. Use fingertips, not harsh washcloths or scrubs. Moisturize (even if skin is oily): After cleansing, apply a lightweight, noncomedogenic, and fragrance-free moisturizer. Even oily skin needs moisture to maintain a healthy skin barrier. Use SPF: Apply a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher every morning, regardless of the weather. Look for oil-free or non-greasy formulas. Don’t pick or pop pimples: This can lead to increased inflammation, infection, and permanent scarring. Be mindful of makeup: If wearing makeup, choose noncomedogenic products. Clean brushes and sponges regularly, and never share makeup. Always remove makeup before bed. Prioritize sleep: Aim for 8-10 hours of sleep per night, as adequate rest is crucial for skin repair and overall well-being. Manage stress: Stress can worsen skin conditions like acne. Encourage relaxation techniques like meditation, yoga, or hobbies. Stay hydrated and eat a balanced diet: Drinking plenty of water supports skin hydration from within. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains contributes to overall skin health. Avoid harsh ingredients: Avoid products with high concentrations of retinoids, salicylic acid, benzoyl peroxide (unless specifically recommended by a dermatologist for acne), alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), strong fragrances, and alcohol, which can be too harsh for young, sensitive skin. Consult a dermatologist: If persistent or severe acne, eczema, or other skin conditions arise, seek professional advice from a dermatologist. “Young skin is naturally healthy and doesn’t require complex or expensive routines. A simple routine of gentle cleansing, moisturizing, and sun protection is usually sufficient,” Ganjian said.  “If there are genuine skin concerns like persistent acne, a dermatologist is the best resource for personalized, safe, and effective advice, rather than relying on social media trends.”

Many TikTok users have claimed a “McMigraine meal” with fries and a Coke helped relieve their migraine symptoms. Bo Zaunders/Getty Images TikTok users are touting a migraine hack involving McDonald’s fries and a Coke to relieve their symptoms. Experts say the combination of salt, sugar, and caffeine may provide temporary relief from migraine. However, processed foods high in sodium, fat, and sugar may worsen migraine symptoms and contribute to long-term health problems.  Several strategies may support migraine relief, such as magnesium and omega-3s. It’s estimated that 39 million people in the United States experience migraine. If you’re one of them, you may have heard of the “McMigraine meal,” a proposed migraine relief hack trending on social media platforms like TikTok that involves consuming McDonald’s fries and a Coke. A migraine is more than just a bad headache. It’s a complex neurological condition often accompanied by intense, throbbing pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and nausea, which can be debilitating.  While there are medications available to prevent and treat migraine, they don’t work for everyone.  When a migraine attack hits, most people will do anything to feel better, even if it means consuming ultraprocessed foods like fries and a soda laden with sugar. Here’s how the McMigraine trend works, and what experts think about its supposed benefits. A McMigraine meal: Not a reliable cure Kezia Joy, registered dietitian and medical advisor at Welzo, said it’s important to distinguish between anecdotal evidence and clinical recommendations for any ailment, including migraine.  “Although the concept may be based on real-life experiences, it’s not grounded in clinical research. It may provide temporary solace for some, but it’s not something that should be in anyone’s regular or safe migraine treatment repertoire,” she told Healthline.  Likewise, specialist registered dietitian Nichola Ludlam-Raine agreed, cautioning that fries and a Coke are not a reliable treatment.  “While I completely understand that people living with migraine may be desperate to try anything that offers relief, this isn’t a strategy I’d recommend trying frequently from a nutritional or clinical perspective,” she told Healthline.  McMigraine benefits are short-lived Many people have claimed a McMigraine meal helped relieve their migraine symptoms.  Is there any plausible scientific reason why salty fries and a sugary drink might offer temporary relief for some people with migraine? Joy noted a few physiological reasons why someone might experience temporary relief after eating salty, high carb foods and drinking caffeine. “Caffeine, which is present in Coke, constricts blood vessels, and in some forms of migraines, it can relieve pain,” Joy explained.  “At the same time, high-salt or high-carbohydrate foods may aid in correcting a mild electrolyte or blood sugar imbalance,” she continued.  “If a person has missed a meal or is just a little dehydrated, the fries and soda may provide temporary relief.”  Ludlam-Raine shared a similar synopsis of the potential benefits of a McMigraine meal.  “Migraines can be triggered or worsened by low blood sugar, dehydration, or electrolyte imbalances, and so salty fries may help the body retain fluid, while the caffeine and sugar in a Coke could raise blood sugar and offer a quick boost in alertness or energy,” she pointed out.  Ultimately, though, Ludlam-Raine said the benefits are likely to be short-lived and won’t address the root cause of the problem.  In fact, for some people with migraine, the combination of salt, sugar, and caffeine could worsen their symptoms.  “High-fat and salt foods can be problematic for others, especially if their migraines are linked to dietary triggers or underlying conditions like high blood pressure,” Ludlam-Raine noted.  Does a McMigraine meal have any risks? The potential to worsen migraine symptoms aside, there are other risks to consider when using unhealthy foods as a migraine cure.  “Fast food may be convenient, but it can also be high in sodium, saturated fats, and added sugars,” Joy said.  “If consuming it becomes habitual, it can create inflammation in the body, which in turn, can make headaches worse over time.”  There are other long-term health risks to consider, too.  “Relying on fast food regularly may contribute to long-term health issues like weight gain, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and poor gut health, all of which can potentially worsen migraine frequency or severity,” Ludlam-Raine said.  Additionally, it may discourage people from addressing triggers and other factors that contribute to migraine attacks.” “Excessive reliance on fast food as a fix can also skirt any underlying health issues that need to be diagnosed and treated,” Joy pointed out.  “Relying on it instead of seeking out treatments that work and are sustainable isn’t good. It’s also important to see food in the context of your entire lifestyle, not as a quick fix.”  Evidence-based migraine interventions  There are many strategies for managing a migraine that don’t involve ordering from a McDonald’s drive-thru. Joy said there are some specific nutrients you should look out for, such as magnesium. “It’s present in leafy greens and nuts, is involved in nerve functions, and can reduce the frequency of migraine in some people,” she explained.  Other nutrients may offer some relief from migraine as well. “Riboflavin-rich foods (vitamin B2) and co-enzyme Q10 have also been investigated for their potential benefits,” Joy said. “Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish, may also reduce inflammation and support brain health.” According to Ludlam-Raine, other ways to prevent and manage migraine include:  staying hydrated throughout the day eating regular, balanced meals that include slow-release carbohydrates, protein, and healthy fats to maintain steady blood sugar levels avoiding specific triggers like aged cheese, alcohol, or artificial sweeteners keeping a food and symptom diary to identify personal patterns While certain wellness strategies can help prevent migraine, they may not be able to stop one in progress, which could explain why some people have turned to a McMigraine meal for relief. Clinical treatment for a migraine generally involves both acute and preventive options.  “Drugs, including triptans, CGRP inhibitors, and some anti-seizure and blood pressure drugs, can help some people,” Joy said. “Non-pharmacologic treatments, like biofeedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, and neuromodulation devices, can also be effective.”  Migraine symptoms can be debilitating, and when they strike, it may be tempting to seek the quickest and most convenient intervention. For some, that might be McDonald’s fries and a Coke. Still, it’s important to note that migraine triggers are highly individual. What works for one person might worsen symptoms in another, and there are other evidence-based treatments available. 

GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic could lead to a higher risk of wet age-related macular degeneration in people with type 2 diabetes. Westend61/Getty Images GLP-1 drugs are associated with a higher risk of “wet” age-related macular degeneration in people with type 2 diabetes, according to a new study. Researchers found that the risk substantially increased the longer people were prescribed a GLP-1 drug, particularly those containing semaglutide. GLP-1 medications like Ozempic and Wegovy have surged in popularity as weight loss treatments, but ophthalmologists say their potential risks to eye health are not well understood. GLP-1 drugs are linked to a significantly higher risk of developing neovascular or “wet” age-related macular degeneration, according to new research. The study, conducted by researchers at the University of Toronto, found that people with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed GLP-1s were more than twice as likely to develop wet AMD as those who weren’t. The study also found that the longer subjects were treated with these medications, the greater their risk of developing wet AMD. Neovascular age-related macular degeneration, commonly known as wet AMD, is the less common but more aggressive form of age-related macular degeneration, and a leading cause of irreversible vision loss among older adults in the United States. The findings, published on June 5 in JAMA Ophthalmology, suggest that doctors and patients should be aware of the potential risks, even though the chance of developing the condition remains relatively low. GLP-1 drugs, a class of blockbuster diabetes and obesity drugs sold under brand names like Ozempic and Wegovy, have surged in popularity in recent years. They offer a range of substantial benefits, including weight loss, improved blood sugar levels, and reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Despite these benefits, ophthalmologists say the impact of GLP-1 drugs on eye health is not well understood. Studies have identified an association between the medications and other eye conditions, including diabetic retinopathy and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION).  While the findings don’t establish a clear causal link between GLP-1 drugs and eye disease, experts say there’s still reason for caution. “The dose-response effect we observed — where longer GLP-1 receptor agonist exposure was associated with higher risk — strengthens the argument that this association may reflect a true biological effect rather than being due to confounding factors,” said study co-author Andrew Mihalache, MD(C), of the Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto, Canada. “Seeing a graded relationship like this suggests that prolonged exposure could play a causal role in increasing risk. However, this needs to be confirmed in future studies,” he told Healthline. Long-term GLP-1 drug use may triple wet AMD risk Drawing on health records from Ontario, Canada, researchers at the University of Toronto analyzed nearly 140,000 adults with type 2 diabetes to investigate a possible link between GLP-1 use and wet AMD. The retrospective study tracked patient outcomes over a three-year period, using data collected between 2020 and 2023. Roughly one-third of participants — about 46,000 people — had been prescribed a GLP-1 drug for at least six months. The rest had not. In the vast majority of cases (97.5%), that drug was semaglutide, the active ingredient in Ozempic and Wegovy. The average participant was 66, and the cohort was almost evenly divided by sex, with females representing 46.6% of the group. On average, those who were prescribed a GLP-1 drug were more than twice as likely to be diagnosed with wet AMD. However, that number doesn’t tell the full story. People who took GLP-1 drugs for longer experienced progressively greater risk. Those who had only taken their medication for 6–18 months actually had a slightly lower risk than those who didn’t take the medication.  However, at the 18–30 month mark, GLP-1 users’ risk of developing wet AMD more than doubled compared to non-users. And those taking the drugs for 30 months or longer had more than triple the risk. “This was definitely surprising, especially given the growing enthusiasm for GLP-1 receptor agonists for their cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. It really highlights the need for further investigation into their ocular safety profile,” first study author Reut Shor, MD, of the Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences at the University of Toronto, Canada, told Healthline. Despite the increase in risk, the absolute risk of developing wet AMD was still low: 0.2% among those taking a GLP-1 and 0.1% among those who didn’t. Do GLP-1 drugs harm eye health? While not definitive, the study raises further questions about the potential risks posed by GLP-1 drugs for eye health. Prior studies have also identified links between GLP-1s and other forms of eye disease in people with type 2 diabetes. In a major phase 3 semaglutide trial in 2016, researchers identified that type 2 diabetes patients taking semaglutide had a higher risk of complications of diabetic retinopathy compared to a placebo. Those findings were published in The New England Journal of Medicine.  However, other studies have provided conflicting evidence. A retrospective 2024 study evaluated nearly 700 subjects with type 2 diabetes who were taking a GLP-1 drug and found no association between GLP-1s and worsening retinopathy. Also in 2024, researchers found that patients with type 2 diabetes who were prescribed semaglutide were at greater risk of NAION compared to those who weren’t. NAION is a condition that causes sudden blindness, typically just in one eye, due to a lack of blood flow to the optic nerve. The mechanism for why GLP-1 drug use may lead to wet AMD is not well established, but a predominant theory is that lowering blood sugar rapidly leads to a lack of oxygen in the retina. “When you make the retina more hypoxic, which is what the GLP-1s do, it basically pushes it further over the threshold, causing more abnormal blood vessels to grow,” said Linda Lam, MD, MBA, an ophthalmologist with Keck Medicine of USC, who wasn’t involved in the research. Abnormal blood vessel growth in the eye is the hallmark of wet AMD. While GLP-1s offer many health benefits, eye disease risk must be considered in some populations, Lam told Healthline. “In this particular group of patients who are older, who are diabetics, I really would caution against the extended use of GLP-1s,” she said. Lam reiterated the importance of annual eye exams for the general population, but in particular for those with diabetes, to identify and diagnose eye disease early on. People with type 2 diabetes, especially those taking a GLP-1 drug, should be aware of the signs and symptoms of vision loss and consult with their doctor immediately. These include: distortion or blurriness in the central area of vision objects having a curved or wavy shape (metamorphopsia) new blind spots difficulty with tasks such as reading or driving difficulty recognizing familiar faces

People using GLP-1 drugs are reporting an unusual side effect impacting dental health that some are calling “Ozempic teeth.” Jacob Wackerhausen/Getty Images People using GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic are reporting what they call “Ozempic teeth.” The unusual side effect refers to the dental health impacts of GLP-1 drugs, including tooth decay, sensitivity, and tooth loss. Dentists say that dry mouth, vomiting, and low appetite are likely causes of these side effects. Proper oral care is a must for people using GLP-1 medications. You may have heard of GLP-1 side effect phenomena like “Ozempic face” or “Ozempic butt,” which refer to sunken cheeks or flat derriere following weight loss. These changes often occur due to rapid fat — and in some cases, muscle — loss, which can leave skin looking more loose and aged, particularly on the face and buttocks. Recently, many people using GLP-1 medications also report what has been termed “Ozempic teeth.” According to Catrise Austin, DDS, a cosmetic dentist, author of “Stop Diabetes Today,” and host of the “Let’s Talk Smiles Podcast,” as more people turn to medications like Ozempic and Wegovy (semaglutide) for diabetes and weight loss, dentists are seeing more patients experiencing a range of unexpected oral side effects. “While not officially labeled as a clinical diagnosis, ‘Ozempic teeth’ is becoming a catch-all phrase describing the sudden onset of dental decay, sensitivity, and even tooth loss in patients on these medications,” Austin told Healthline. “Ozempic teeth” may also include dry mouth, enamel erosion, inflamed gums, and, in severe cases, cracked or loose teeth, she noted. “Though anecdotal, these stories have gained traction as more users share alarming dental side effects online and in media reports,” she said. Of course, Ozempic is not the only GLP-1 drug linked to “Ozempic teeth.” Other GLP-1s may lead to similar side effects. GLP-1 medications include tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound), liraglutide (Saxenda, Victoza), dulaglutide (Trulicity), and exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon BCise). How Ozempic affects your dental health Austin cited several mechanisms as likely culprits for Ozempic-related tooth issues. Dry mouth (xerostomia) “Reduced salivary flow is one of the most common complaints I hear from patients on GLP-1 medications,” she said. “Saliva is essential for neutralizing acids and protecting enamel. When it’s diminished, the risk of decay and gum disease rises sharply.” If you have dry mouth, you may feel thirsty, have trouble swallowing, feel like your mouth is sticky, or have dry, cracked lips. Nausea and vomiting Austin noted that clinical data reported by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) show that nausea occurs in 16% to 20% of patients who use Ozempic. Additionally, 5–9% have vomiting. “Repeated exposure to stomach acid can erode tooth enamel and increase sensitivity,” she explained. Malnutrition “Some patients experience appetite suppression to the point of nutrient deficiency, which can affect gum health and healing,” said Austin. Vitamin C, vitamin D, and B complex are just a few of the many vitamins that play a crucial role in gum health. Reduced oral care Austin additionally observed that some may neglect regular brushing and flossing while they are feeling unwell, which can lead to accelerated tooth decay. For maximum benefit, you’ll also want to floss before you brush. How to protect your teeth when using Ozempic Ehsan Ali, MD, the “Beverly Hills Concierge Doctor” and board certified internal and geriatric medicine specialist, echoed Austin’s remarks about GLP-1-related tooth and gum problems. He added that it’s more than just your teeth that may be at stake. “[Dental] health is tied to overall health,” he told Healthline. “Poor oral hygiene can increase your risk for infections, inflammation, and even heart disease over time.” However, there are a few easy things you can do to protect yourself. “First, hydration is key,” said Ali. “Drink lots of water throughout the day to keep your mouth from getting dry.” You can also try using a mouth rinse that promotes saliva production or chewing sugar-free gum to help keep your mouth moist. Ali also recommended avoiding skipping meals, even though you may not be feeling hungry. “Nutrients like calcium and vitamin D are important for oral health,” he said. So, it’s essential to continue to eat a healthy, balanced diet and not restrict your caloric intake too severely. For most people, a healthy calorie deficit is around 300–500 calories per day. Also, remember to brush and floss regularly and avoid acidic or sugary snacks, which can wear down tooth enamel, said Ali. “If you’ve been vomiting, rinse your mouth out with water and baking soda before brushing, as this helps neutralize stomach acid,” he advised. Austin further suggested avoiding alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine, which can all worsen dry mouth. When you should see a dentist or doctor for help As GLP-1 medications like Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro continue to rise in popularity for diabetes management and weight loss, it’s important to be aware of the potential oral health complications that may come with them. While “Ozempic teeth” isn’t a formal diagnosis, the growing number of reports about dry mouth, enamel erosion, and even tooth loss point to a real concern for many patients. Simple steps can help protect your smile, including staying hydrated, maintaining consistent oral hygiene, eating a nutrient-rich diet, and using saliva-supporting products. It’s also crucial to speak with your healthcare team if you experience persistent nausea or vomiting or notice any dental changes. “If you’re noticing new sensitivity, bleeding gums, bad breath that won’t go away, or any sudden changes like loose teeth or breakage, it’s time to call your dentist,” said Ali. If you are frequently experiencing nausea or vomiting, he said it’s also a good idea to speak with the doctor managing your weight loss. “[They] may need to adjust your dose or add something to help protect your stomach,” he said. “The earlier we catch it, the easier it is to manage — and ideally, prevent permanent damage,” Ali said. The bottom line? These medications can offer powerful health benefits, but being proactive about side effects ensures they don’t come at the cost of your teeth. As always, prevention and early intervention are key to keeping your oral health on track. Learn more about how to get GLP-1 medications from vetted and trusted online sources here: Where to Buy Ozempic Online Where to Buy Ozempic Online How to Get Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) Where to Buy Mounjaro (Tirzepatide) Online How to Get Wegovy for Weight Loss In Person and Online How to Get a Wegovy Prescription Online How to Get Zepbound: What We Know So Far Where to Buy Zepbound Online

New research suggests an anti-inflammatory diet may improve outcomes for people with stage 3 colon cancer. GMVozd/Getty Images An anti-inflammatory diet may be beneficial for colon cancer survivors. In a clinical trial, those with colon cancer who followed an anti-inflammatory diet had longer overall survival rates than those who ate a pro-inflammatory diet. More research is needed to determine this effect, but it may be due to the impact anti-inflammatory foods can have on inflammation, which is linked to the development of cancer. People living with colon cancer who ate an anti-inflammatory diet in a clinical trial had longer overall survival rates compared to those who ate a pro-inflammatory diet. Research presented this week at the 2025 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting in Chicago found that diet and physical activity could be important interventions for improving outcomes in people with stage 3 colon cancer. “One of the most common questions that patients ask is what they should do after treatment to maximally reduce their risk of cancer recurrence and improve survival,” Sara Char, MD, a clinical fellow in Hematology and Oncology at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and first author of the study, said in a press statement. “These findings add to the published literature about the importance of dietary patterns and physical activity in outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer.” Inflammatory diets increase colon cancer risk by 87% The researchers used information from a stage 3 clinical trial that commenced in 2010 with the goal of reducing the risk of cancer recurrence among people living with stage 3 colon cancer. The trial enrolled 2,526 patients. In the trial, those living with colon cancer had surgery and then either three or six months of chemotherapy. Some of the patients also had celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug. The participants had the option of completing both the lifestyle and dietary questionnaires. A total of 1,625 participants were eligible for the study. The researchers examined the responses to the dietary questionnaires and calculated an empirical dietary inflammatory pattern score for each participant. This score measures how inflammatory a particular diet is. In the study, a pro-inflammatory diet was considered one that included higher amounts of processed or red meats, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages. An anti-inflammatory diet includes a variety of vegetables, such as leafy greens, as well as coffee and tea. After assessing the diets of participants as well as their overall survival, the researchers concluded that those who ate the most pro-inflammatory diets had an 87% higher risk of death than those who ate the least amount of pro-inflammatory foods.   The study adds to a growing body of research indicating that systemic inflammation can not only increase the risk of colon cancer but also influence disease progression. The researchers also examined the impact of physical activity on patient outcomes. Those who reported their physical activity as the equivalent of regularly walking at a 2–3-mile-per-hour pace for one hour roughly three times a week or more were considered to have a high level of physical activity. The researchers found that those who ate more anti-inflammatory foods and participated in higher levels of physical activity experienced the best overall survival outcomes of those studied. They had a 63% lower risk of death compared with their peers who consumed the most pro-inflammatory diets and had lower levels of physical activity. Anti-inflammatory diet improves colon cancer outcomes The researchers say further study is needed to determine the mechanism underpinning anti-inflammatory diets and survival rates among patients with colon cancer. “This study provides additional evidence that diet may be important for improving outcomes and survival in patients with stage 3 colon cancer,” Kimmie Ng, MD, co-senior author of the study and associate chief of the Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, said in a press statement. “Further studies are needed to tailor specific dietary recommendations for patients with colon cancer, and to understand the biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between proinflammatory diets and survival.” Past research suggests that inflammation may play a role in the development of colon cancer by promoting the proliferation of tumor cells as well as suppressing anti-tumor immunity in the body. “Inflammation is a key part in cancer formation,” said Nilesh Vora, MD, a board certified hematologist and medical oncologist and medical director of the MemorialCare Todd Cancer Institute at Long Beach Medical Center in Long Beach, CA. Vora wasn’t involved in the study. “When the body is inflamed, there are damages that are happening, and the body needs to repair or heal the injury, and produce an inflammatory response. And whenever you have that happening, there’s a risk factor for tumor formation, for cancer formation, whenever there’s an inflammatory process happening. So I think this inflammatory diet connected to cancer is also connected by that hypothesis,” Vora told Healthline. Effects of phytonutrients on colon cancer Another possible mechanism behind anti-inflammatory diets and survival rates are due to the impact of the phytonutrients found in anti-inflammatory foods. “It is likely in some parts related to the increase in phytonutrients found in anti-inflammatory diets that protect the gut mucosa (the lining of the colon) and the good bacteria that are in the colon,” said Dana Hunnes, PhD, a senior dietitian supervisor at RR-UCLA Medical Center. Hunnes wasn’t involved in the study. “It’s also likely that these plant foods are high in fiber, which helps feed the healthy gut bacteria and also ‘brush away’ decaying foods and other fecal materials that may increase the risk for colon cancer. There are certain foods (high fiber carbs primarily) that get digested by gut bacteria and turn into short-chain fatty acids, which feed the healthy bacteria of the gut, which can help decrease colon cancer progression. So, these might be some of the mechanisms,” Hunnes told Healthline. Best anti-inflammatory foods Hunnes cited various nutrient-dense foods to eat as part of an anti-inflammatory diet. “Fruits, vegetables (especially dark-leafy greens and deep-colored fruits, think berries). Nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains, also, as they are all high in fiber and healthy fats,” she said. “These findings do not surprise me at all as we are finding that inflammation affects so many chronic conditions in negative ways. I think it shows the importance of and value of eating as healthy and as anti-inflammatory as possible.”